Exam (elaborations)
Exam (elaborations) pathophysiology
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Exam (elaborations) pathophysiology
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Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 musk and endo1. Osteoporosis: Most common bone disease in humans.
A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density,
impaired structural integrity, decreased bone strength.
2. bone density classifications: Normal bone mass > 833mg/cm2
Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2
Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2
3. RANKYL: CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB
ligand
4. Gower's sign: Difficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using
hands; occurs in Muscular dystrophy
5. Adipokines: protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells,
regulate food intake and metabolism.
increase or decrease fat mass provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS
and hunger center to regulate satiety and energy balance.
6. adipose tissue-gut-brain axis: GI tract releases adipokines and hormones
which interact with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity.
7. visceral obesity: Distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and
upper body "Apple shape"
Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep
apnea, type 2 DM, CV disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancer.
8. peripheral obesity: fat is distributed around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and
is more common in women. Risk factors are less severe than those with
visceral obesity.
9. Primary thyroid disorders: conditions that result from dysfunction of the
thyroid gland
10. subclinical thyroid disease: presence of disease without obvious
symptoms
11. secondary thyroid disorders: conditions that results from the dysfunction of
either the pituitary or the hypothalamus
12. Somogyi effect: hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia
13. Dawn phenomenon: an increase in blood glucose in the early morning, most
likely due to increased glucose production in the liver after an overnight fast
14. microvascular disease: Definition and example: Disease of the finer blood
vessels in the body, including the capillaries. In contrast to macrovascular
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, Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 musk and endo
disease. The microvascular complications of diabetes such as neuropathy can
lead to loss of sensation and the development of foot ulcers.
15. Macrovascular disease: Definition and example: Macrovascular disease is
associated with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral
vascular disease, brain attack (stroke), and increased risk of infection. Type 2
diabetes is more closely associated with macrovascular diseases than type 1
diabetes.
16. Exopthalmus or proptosis in Graves' disease: Forward projection of
bulging of the eye out of the orbit secondary to fat deposits behind the eye
Can be unilateral OR bilateral.
17. Pancreas: Located behind the stomach, between the spleen and duodenum
and contains islets of Langerhans.
The first function is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and
bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct.
The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the
bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
18. Thyroid: The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the
neck just below the Adams apple.
Regulates metabolism and causes bones to store calcium.
19. islets of Langerhans cell types: alpha cells secrete glucagon beta cells
secrete gastrin delta cells secrete gastrin and somatostatin
F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid
and inhibits cholecystokinin secretion
20. polyphagia: excessive hunger
21. Glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
22. metabolic syndrome: A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three
or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high
triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that
are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
Waist > 40 in for men
Waist > 35 for women
Triglycerides >150
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