Exam (elaborations)
Exam (elaborations) pathophysiology
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Midterm exam (nr507) advanced pathophysiology 2025 edition, verified
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NR507 Midterm1. How does blood flow through the heart?: Deoxygenated venous blood ’ Sup.
Vena Cava ’ Right Atrium ’Tricuspid (AV) ’Empties into R. Ventricle (& it contracts)
Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve ’ Pulmonary Artery ’ Lungs to be
Oxygenated ’ Pulmonary Veins ’ L. Atrium ’ Mitral (AV) ’ L. Ventricle (pumps with
each contraction) ’ Aortic Valve ’ Aorta ’ Body
2. What is systole?: Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
3. Diastole: Relaxation of the heart
4. What produces S1 and S2 sound?: closing of the heart valves
5. What produces S1?: The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole 6.
What produces S2 sound?: The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in
diastole
7. What is cardiac output?: the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle pe
minute
8. What is stroke volume?: amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with
contraction
9. What determines cardiac output?: stroke volume and heart rate
10. What is preload?: the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts,
related to ventricular filling, end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the
ventricle during diastole
11. What is afterload?: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
12. What is contractility?: Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force
for a given stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload
13. Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke
volume?: Decreased
14. What conditions can result in decreased contractility?: Ischemia, acidosis,
cardiomyopathy
15. What can cause increase afterload?: HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to th
aortic valve
16. What has the most immediate effect on afterload?: HTN
17. Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload?: Decreased volume
of blood creates less resistance
18. What does increased preload do to stroke volume?: Increases stroke
volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however
19. What can cause a decreased preload?: Hemorrhage, dehydration...anything
that causes reduced blood volume
20. What side of the heart is affected by cor-pulmonale?: Right (AKA Right
sided HF)
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, 21. What is cor-pulmonale?: is defined as right ventricular hypertrophy with
eventual RV failure resulting from pulmonary HTN, secondary to pulmonary
disease.
Causes dilation (stretching) of the right ventricle causes a back up of blood flow, an
hypertrophy of cardiac cells
22. What conditions could cause cor pulmonale?: COPD, PE, Pulmonary
fibrosis, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, polio
23. What are causes of heart failure?: CAD, HTN, Cardiomyopathy, faulty heart
valves
24. Explain how systemic HTN can lead to heart failure?: HTN causes increase
LV preload which increases LA preload causing pulmonary
edema
25. :
26. :
27. :
28. What makes up the pulmonary anatomy?: nose->pharynx->larynx->trachea-
>bronchi->bronchioles-->alveoli
29. What is ventilation?: The action of inhaling and exhaling
30. What is perfusion?: the ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange at the
alveolar-capillary level moving blood into and out of the capillary cells
31. What causes intrinsic asthma?: Something internal, non-allergic factors
(anxiety, chemicals, airborne irritants, exercise, GERD, obesity
32. What causes extrinsic asthma?: Triggered by chronic allergic reaction (mold
pollen, dust mites, pet dander)
33. What are signs and symptoms of asthma?: wheezing, shortness of breath,
chest tightness, and coughing
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