Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5350 Exam 2 Units 5-8
Questions With Complete Solutions
What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and
describe each?
Incubation phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of
the first symptoms; can last hours to years.
Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild
with feelings of discomfort and tiredness.
Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body
tissues, symptoms of illness are at their worst.
Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs and
symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal, or has period of
latency.
What activates almost every aspect of inflammation?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Clinical manifestations of infection?
fatigue
malaise
weakness
concentration loss
,aching
loss of appetite
FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN
leukocytosis
What is virulence?
Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic?
Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a
particular population.
Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic?
Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly
exceeds the number usually observed.
Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic?
An epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent
or worldwide.
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram -
Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm.
Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm.
What are Exotoxins?
Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses.
,What are Endotoxins?
Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released
during lysis of bacteria.
How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?
Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein synthesis.
What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired
(noscomial) infections and antibiotic resistance?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What are fungal infections?
Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression.
Fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar
cell compositions to human cells.
What is the most common fungal infection?
Candida albicans
How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections?
Tissue damage by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes
that destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue.
What is the most common parasitic infection worldwide?
Malaria.
What is malaria?
, Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are
transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitos.
Infected anopheles mosquito.
Parasite enters the bloodstream, survives in the liver, and
invades parenchymal cells.
Liver cells rupture and thousands of parasites enter blood,
infecting RBCs.
What is the most common affliction of humans and includes the
common cold, cold sores, hepatitis, HIV?
Viral Diseases.
What is the viral life cycle?
1. Attachment- it attaches or binds itself to the host
2. Penetrates the host cell.
3. Releases genetic information into the host cytoplasm (RNA
viruses enter the host nucleus; DNA viruses enter host nucleus
and may integrate into host DNA; May make mRNA.
Influenza Virus: Why we have to get new antiviral each year?
Surface proteins undergo change each year.
HIV facts in US?
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