Human Nutrition - Exam 1 Study Guide
questions with answers
Define the term nutrition and why it is important to health - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Taking in and utilizing food sources.
-Important to maintain all body processes.
Distinguish between the physiological, psychological, and social reasons
people eat - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Physiological: People need to
regulate body functions.
-Psychological: sight, smell, taste, salivation, hunger is mediated by the
hypothalamus.
-Social reasons: enjoy company when we eat, meals are social events
Identify the six classes of essential nutrients for health and describe their
functions - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Macronutrients (energy
yielding): protein, carbohydrates, lipids.
-Protein: yield 4 kcals/gram, organic, structure of cell, regulating cell processes,
information storage, excess used for energy, CHON.
-Carbohydrates yield 4 kcals/gram, organic, body's main source of energy,
providing glucose, some cell communication CHO.
-Lipids/Fat: yields 9 kcals/gram, organic, energy source, energy storage,
thermal, signaling, structure.
-Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals
-Vitamins: 13 that are fat or water soluble, organic,
-Minerals: 16, macro or trace elements, inorganic.
,-Water: inorganic
List the segments of the digestive tract in order from the mouth to the colon
- ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, colon.
Explain the mechanical and enzymatic processes of digestion in order of
occurrence in the digestive tract. - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Salivary
glands: secrete enzymes that begin carb digestion, assist in mechanical
digestion of food, soften for rest of digestion.
-Liver: bile which aids in fat emulsion enabling absorption.
-Pancreas: releases bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach contents, enzymes
that digest protein, carbs and fat.
-Gallbladder: stores bile for release into small intestine as needed.
Explain how accessory organs specifically contribute to the regulation of
digestion - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Contribute by secreting
enzymes necessary for digestion.
-These organs are usually hormonally mediated.
Identify the source and function of the key enzymes and other secretions
involved in digesting foods - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Mouth-
LINGUAL LIPASE: lipid digestion; SALIVARY AMYLASE: carbohydrate
digestion.
-Stomach- PEPSIN: proteins, activated by gastrin; GASTRIC LIPASE: lipids
-Small Intestine- PANCREATIC LIPASE: fats; PANCREATIC AMYLASE:
starch digestion, starch to maltose; PANCREATIC PROTEASE: proteins;
,SUCRASE/MALTASE/LACTASE: breaks down disaccharides; DIPEPTIDASE:
further breaks down proteins in the small intestine.
Identify the four major hormones involved in the regulation of the
gastrointestinal tract and describe their primary action - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Stomach- GASTRIN: signals release of other stomach
enzymes, for example activates pepsin by cleaving from pepsinogen.
-Duodenum- SECRETIN: signals release of pancreatic juices, includes enzymes
and bicarbonate, CCK: releases pancreatic enzymes and bile, GIP: regulates
insulin release, slows stomach contractions down.
List and describe the four types of absorption that occur in the small intestine -
....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Majority of water absorption occurs in the
small intestine, occurs by osmosis and is closely related to absorption of
solutes, specifically sodium, water absorbed into lumen diffuses down gradient,
but diffusion into bloodstream is against gradient.
-Carbs: mostly ingested as polysaccharides or disaccharides that are digested
by maltase/sucrase/lactase (integral membrane proteins) in brush border
enzymes. Glucose uses special transporters into lumen, epithelium and blood
stream, occurs alongside sodium transport.
-Protein: integral membrane proteins functioning as enzymes that further
break down proteins into smaller units, not bigger than 4 amino acids.
Transporters for acidic, basic and neutral amino acids.
-Lipids: monoglycerides and fatty acid are liberated by lipase, mixed with bile
to form micelles. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed into brush
border. Once inside enterocyte, formed into chylomicrons which drain into the
lymphatic system and then into blood, different from absorption of other
nutrients.
, Apply the concepts presented in the chapter to explain common digestive tract
problems - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Reflux is when a small amount
of acid splashes back into the bottom of the esophagus.
-Esophageal sphincter can weaken, or diaphragm can weaken and if repeated
can damage esophagus over years= GERD.
Describe the types and structure of carbohydrates in the diet - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Hydrocarbon chain, CHO, can form ring structure.
-Disaccharides formed by condensation reactions and broken by hydrolysis
(digestion).
-Monosaccharides: Glucose- blood sugar, most readily available source of
energy for body, fructose- found in fruit, galactose- monosaccharide of the
dissacharide lactose, found in milk.
-Disaccharides: sucrose- made of glucose and fructose, table sugar, lactose-
glucose and galactose, milk, maltose: glucose and glucose, rare in diet.
-Polysaccharides: starch- storage form of glucose in plants, glycogen- storage
form of glucose, fiber- insoluble or soluble
Name foods of plant and animal sources of simple and complex carbohydrates.
- ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Simple: jam, candy, soft drinks, brown
sugar, table sugar, honey, and maple syrup
-Complex: green vegetables, whole grains, oatmeal, pasta, potatoes, sweet
potatoes
Identify sources of artificial and alternative sweeteners - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Aspartame-Equal or Nutrasweet, food in beverages
processed food and pharmaceuticals, dentatured by heat so cant be used in
cooking, cant be ingested by people with PKU because of phenylalanine.
questions with answers
Define the term nutrition and why it is important to health - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Taking in and utilizing food sources.
-Important to maintain all body processes.
Distinguish between the physiological, psychological, and social reasons
people eat - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Physiological: People need to
regulate body functions.
-Psychological: sight, smell, taste, salivation, hunger is mediated by the
hypothalamus.
-Social reasons: enjoy company when we eat, meals are social events
Identify the six classes of essential nutrients for health and describe their
functions - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Macronutrients (energy
yielding): protein, carbohydrates, lipids.
-Protein: yield 4 kcals/gram, organic, structure of cell, regulating cell processes,
information storage, excess used for energy, CHON.
-Carbohydrates yield 4 kcals/gram, organic, body's main source of energy,
providing glucose, some cell communication CHO.
-Lipids/Fat: yields 9 kcals/gram, organic, energy source, energy storage,
thermal, signaling, structure.
-Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals
-Vitamins: 13 that are fat or water soluble, organic,
-Minerals: 16, macro or trace elements, inorganic.
,-Water: inorganic
List the segments of the digestive tract in order from the mouth to the colon
- ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, colon.
Explain the mechanical and enzymatic processes of digestion in order of
occurrence in the digestive tract. - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Salivary
glands: secrete enzymes that begin carb digestion, assist in mechanical
digestion of food, soften for rest of digestion.
-Liver: bile which aids in fat emulsion enabling absorption.
-Pancreas: releases bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach contents, enzymes
that digest protein, carbs and fat.
-Gallbladder: stores bile for release into small intestine as needed.
Explain how accessory organs specifically contribute to the regulation of
digestion - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Contribute by secreting
enzymes necessary for digestion.
-These organs are usually hormonally mediated.
Identify the source and function of the key enzymes and other secretions
involved in digesting foods - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Mouth-
LINGUAL LIPASE: lipid digestion; SALIVARY AMYLASE: carbohydrate
digestion.
-Stomach- PEPSIN: proteins, activated by gastrin; GASTRIC LIPASE: lipids
-Small Intestine- PANCREATIC LIPASE: fats; PANCREATIC AMYLASE:
starch digestion, starch to maltose; PANCREATIC PROTEASE: proteins;
,SUCRASE/MALTASE/LACTASE: breaks down disaccharides; DIPEPTIDASE:
further breaks down proteins in the small intestine.
Identify the four major hormones involved in the regulation of the
gastrointestinal tract and describe their primary action - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Stomach- GASTRIN: signals release of other stomach
enzymes, for example activates pepsin by cleaving from pepsinogen.
-Duodenum- SECRETIN: signals release of pancreatic juices, includes enzymes
and bicarbonate, CCK: releases pancreatic enzymes and bile, GIP: regulates
insulin release, slows stomach contractions down.
List and describe the four types of absorption that occur in the small intestine -
....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Majority of water absorption occurs in the
small intestine, occurs by osmosis and is closely related to absorption of
solutes, specifically sodium, water absorbed into lumen diffuses down gradient,
but diffusion into bloodstream is against gradient.
-Carbs: mostly ingested as polysaccharides or disaccharides that are digested
by maltase/sucrase/lactase (integral membrane proteins) in brush border
enzymes. Glucose uses special transporters into lumen, epithelium and blood
stream, occurs alongside sodium transport.
-Protein: integral membrane proteins functioning as enzymes that further
break down proteins into smaller units, not bigger than 4 amino acids.
Transporters for acidic, basic and neutral amino acids.
-Lipids: monoglycerides and fatty acid are liberated by lipase, mixed with bile
to form micelles. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed into brush
border. Once inside enterocyte, formed into chylomicrons which drain into the
lymphatic system and then into blood, different from absorption of other
nutrients.
, Apply the concepts presented in the chapter to explain common digestive tract
problems - ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Reflux is when a small amount
of acid splashes back into the bottom of the esophagus.
-Esophageal sphincter can weaken, or diaphragm can weaken and if repeated
can damage esophagus over years= GERD.
Describe the types and structure of carbohydrates in the diet - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Hydrocarbon chain, CHO, can form ring structure.
-Disaccharides formed by condensation reactions and broken by hydrolysis
(digestion).
-Monosaccharides: Glucose- blood sugar, most readily available source of
energy for body, fructose- found in fruit, galactose- monosaccharide of the
dissacharide lactose, found in milk.
-Disaccharides: sucrose- made of glucose and fructose, table sugar, lactose-
glucose and galactose, milk, maltose: glucose and glucose, rare in diet.
-Polysaccharides: starch- storage form of glucose in plants, glycogen- storage
form of glucose, fiber- insoluble or soluble
Name foods of plant and animal sources of simple and complex carbohydrates.
- ....🔰VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Simple: jam, candy, soft drinks, brown
sugar, table sugar, honey, and maple syrup
-Complex: green vegetables, whole grains, oatmeal, pasta, potatoes, sweet
potatoes
Identify sources of artificial and alternative sweeteners - ....🔰VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... ✔✔-Aspartame-Equal or Nutrasweet, food in beverages
processed food and pharmaceuticals, dentatured by heat so cant be used in
cooking, cant be ingested by people with PKU because of phenylalanine.
