List sources of lead in the environment
Water, artificial turf, imported candy, alternative medicines and herbal remedies, sindoor, old and imported toys, and occupational hazards.
What are the hematological, renal, and skeletal effects of plumbism in children?
-Anemia,
-damaged proximal t...
NSG 533 EXAM 3
List the novel risk factors for CAD
1) markers of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis (elevated high sensitivity C-
reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen)
2) adipokines (leptin, adiponectin)
3) CKD 4) air pollution and ionizing radiation
5) medications (NSAIDs)
6) coronary artery calcification and carotid wall thickness and
7) microbiome
8) small dense LDL particles and lipoprotein(a)
9) Hyper-homocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
-Advanced age,
-male gender or woman after menopause,
-family history (genetics, shared environmental exposure).
List modifiable risk factors for CAD
-Dyslipidemia,
-hypertension,
-cigarette smoking,
,-diabetes and insulin resistance,
-obesity and sedentary lifestyle,
-an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD?
High levels of LDL in the bloodstream leads to LDL oxidation, migration into the
vessel wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis
A chronic inflammatory condition that results in damage to the arteries. Thickening
and hardening of the vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden
macrophages (foam cells) within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a
plaque.
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of atherosclerotic
lesions?
The earliest event in atherogenesis is injury to the endothelium, which could be
triggered by hypertension, circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia,
and elevated A1C.
, When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial wall, they
form ______ What is then released?
a lesion called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes, and
growth factors.
Growth factors released released in atherogenesis stimulate _______ which
________ .
smooth muscle cell proliferation; produce collagen and migrate over the fatty streak
to form a fibrous plaque.
Plaques that have ruptured are called ______ .
complicated plaques
Plaque rupture occurs because of the ______ .
inflammatory activation of proteinases, apoptosis of cells within the plaque, and
bleeding within the lesion (plaque hemorrhage).
What happens once a plaque ruptures?
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