WGU patho D236 - Goodluck !
#Aortic stenosis/regurgitation
#Mitral stenosis/regurgitation - ANS - *Mitral valve stenosis* occurs when the mitral
valve in the heart narrows, restricting blood flow into the main pumping chamber. The
mitral valve may also leak, causing *blood to flow back through the valve each time the
left ventricle contracts*. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation.
*Backflow of blood* is caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to close tightly.
*Mitral valve regurgitation* is a condition in which the heart's mitral valve does not close
tightly, which allows *blood to flow backward in the heart*.
Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation - ANS - The kidneys have two
main ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3−
from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine.
By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH.
Anemia - ANS - Different types of anemia include:
Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency
Anemia due to iron deficiency
Anemia of chronic disease
Hemolytic anemia
Idiopathic aplastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
Aortic regurgitation - ANS - Aortic valve regurgitation — or aortic regurgitation — is a
condition that occurs when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly. As a result,
some of the blood pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle)
leaks backward.
,Aortic stenosis - ANS - Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve
disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening.
Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may also
affect the pressure in the left atrium.
Artery response during blood loss.
Does cell shrink or swell ? - ANS - *Vasoconstriction*
Being able to identify degree of burn, and add other s/s to that degree burn - ANS -
First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and
swelling.
*Second-degree burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause
pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.*
Third-degree burns affect the deep layers of skin.
Bell's Palsy - ANS - Doctors believe that the most likely cause of Bell's palsy in
pregnant women is the Herpes virus.
#Cold sores and genital herpes (herpes simplex)
#Chickenpox and shingles (herpes zoster)
#Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr)
#Cytomegalovirus infections
#Respiratory illnesses (adenovirus)
#German measles (rubella)
#Mumps (mumps virus)
#Flu (influenza B)
#Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackievirus)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — also called prostate gland enlargement - ANS -
*Transurethral ultrasound*
Bladder cancer sign and symptoms, treatments - ANS - The cardinal feature of
bladder cancer is
#Painless, intermittent, gross hematuria.
#Frequency, pain, and burning on urination.
#Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying.
, Some types of bladder cancer present similarly to a UTI with urgency, frequency, and
dysuria. Usually located deep within the bladder, bladder cancer rarely presents as a
palpable mass.
Painless hematuria is usually the only sign of bladder cancer.
Surgical treatment involves a transurethral resection of the tumor. Chemotherapy,
immunotherapy, and radiation therapy are also used to eradicate the tumor or reduce
tumor size. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may be necessary for very large
invasive tumors.
Bladder Cancer vs Kidney Cancer - ANS - Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer,
occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump together, and form a
malignant tumor.
The most common risk factor for developing kidney cancer is smoking. Bladder cancer
is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder.
Bursitis - ANS - Bursa are fluid-filled, saclike structures between skin and bone or
between tendons, ligaments, and bone. They act as cushions to lubricate and decrease
friction between bone, ligaments, and tendons. Bursitis occurs when the synovial lining
produces excessive fluid, leading to localized swelling and pain.
Bursitis can also be caused by autoimmune disorders, gout or pseudogout, infection,
traumatic events, and hemorrhagic disorders. Systemic diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus
erythematosus, pancreatitis, Whipple disease, oxalosis, uremia, hypertrophic pulmonary
osteoarthropathy, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome have also been associated
with bursitis.
Bursitis - ANS - Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads
(bursae) that act as cushions at the joints.
Cardiac Valve Complications - ANS - Heart valve disease can cause many
complications, including:
* Heart failure.
* Stroke.
* Blood clots.
* Heart rhythm abnormalities.
