CHAMBERLAIN NR 511 MIDTERM 2025 LATEST UPDATE| COMPLETE Q&AS

What are common causes of N/V associated with gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWER Alcohol, NSAIDs, ASA, ABX, and illicit substances What is the most common cause of nausea and vomiting? - CORRECT ANSWER Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) What are some manifestations of AGE? - CORRECT ANSWER Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain. May also include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, tenesmus and borborygmus. How is the severity of AGE gauged? - CORRECT ANSWER Dehydration secondary to profuse watery diarrhea, fever greater than 101ºF (38.3ºC), vomiting, or dysentery. What are important parts of a patient's history when AGE is suspected? - CORRECT ANSWER Travel, dining locations, ABX history.. What happens to the pH of the stomach when antacids are taken and how does this affect bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWER High pH can make it easier for bacteria to survive and cause and infection. How does motility of the GI tract affect bacteria colonization? - CORRECT ANSWER Small bowel stasis as a result of obstruction, diverticulitis, or blind loop syndrome frequently develop an overgrowth of bacteria within the stagnant segment. Which immunoglobulin may protect the GI tract against invading organisms? - CORRECT ANSWER IgA...may also help protect against a future attack by the same pathogen. Onset of N/V begin within 6 hours after exposure. Is this bacterial or viral? - CORRECT ANSWER Bacterial: time frame suggests food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of a preformed toxin such as that of Bacillus cereus. What two indications are highly suggestive of viral AGE? - CORRECT ANSWER Incubation periods greater than 14 hours and the initial symptom of vomiting. If a patient presents with AGE and reports bloody stools, what can be understood about the reason for blood in the stool/ - CORRECT ANSWER Mucosal damage and inflammatory process secondary to invasive pathogens. What do frothy stools and flatus suggest? - CORRECT ANSWER Malabsorption problem. Patients with prolonged AGE illness who are malnourished may present with edema. What is the reason? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypoalbuminemia T or F: Chronic diarrhea usually has a noninfectious etiology. - CORRECT ANSWER True T or F: Acute diarrhea usually is caused by infectious agents or toxins - CORRECT ANSWER True What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER Norovirus What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in pediatrics? - CORRECT ANSWER Rotavirus. This has been greatly reduced since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. T or F: Stool studies are indicated in the absence of bloody diarrhea or systemic disease - CORRECT ANSWER False T or F: A CBC will help distinguish between viral and bacterial AGE - CORRECT ANSWER False When are stool studies warranted? - CORRECT ANSWER Severe or prolonged diarrhea, a fever > 38.5ºC, bloody stools or stools that test positive for leukocytes or occult blood. What are common pathogens involved in Traveler's Diarrhea? - CORRECT ANSWER Shigella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. What should the clinician do if the patient develops diarrhea after initiation of completion of antibiotic therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER Test for C. diff. What are some DDx of AGE, particularly in patients with persistent or chronic diarrhea and severe abdominal pain? - CORRECT ANSWER IBS, IBD, ischemic bowel disease, partial bowel obstruction, small bowel diverticulosis. What are some red flag symptoms that may indicate the need for hospitalization? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypovolemia, dehydration, abnormal electrolytes, decreased renal function, bloody stool/rectal bleeding, weight loss, severe abdominal pain, prolonged symptoms greater than 1 week, pregnancy, advanced age, history of hospitalization or antibiotic use in the last 3-6 months. What is the usual course of treatment for AGE? - CORRECT ANSWER Only supportive treatment is initiated since AGE is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1 week after onset of symptoms. How such patients with evidence of dehydration be treated initially? - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid repletion and nutrition. Sports drinks aren't as effective as specific electrolyte replenishing drinks. At what point should a patient be referred to the hospital for dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER Signs of hypovolemia such as hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, and poor skin turgor. T of F: Empiric antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with severe diarrhea suspected form traveling. - CORRECT ANSWER True. Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Floxacin. T or F: Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas is appropriate. - CORRECT ANSWER True How effective is antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas? - CORRECT ANSWER 90% effective What does antibiotic prophylaxis treatment consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, or Floxacin given once daily until 2 days after returning home. What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with moderate to severe diarrhea? - CORRECT ANSWER Two-day course of Loperamide (Imodium) What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with significant vomiting? - CORRECT ANSWER Two-day course of Zofran or Phenergan. What is the best way to prevent AGE? - CORRECT ANSWER Hand washing.