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BIO 353 - Chen Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Pass endomembrane system - A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. Nuclear envelope, ER, GA, Lysosome, Vesicles, Endosomes, PM (plasma ...

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  • January 23, 2025
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BIO 353 - Chen Exam 2 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass


endomembrane system - ✔✔A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic

cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous

vesicles.




Nuclear envelope, ER, GA, Lysosome, Vesicles, Endosomes, PM (plasma membrane)


Two types of Protein Synthesis - ✔✔From free polyribosomes in cytosol


From membrane-bound polyribosomes


Polyribosome - ✔✔a mRNA that has multiple ribosomes on it progressing from 5' to 3'

end


Synthesis from free polyribosomes - ✔✔-Makes proteins floating freely in cytosol


-Does NOT make transmembrane proteins nor proteins destined for exocytosis


Synthesis from membrane-bound polyribosomes - ✔✔-Makes membrane associated

proteins & proteins in endomembrane vesicles




Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1

,-Present only in Eukaryotic cells


Universal retention sequence for Er - ✔✔-Lys-Asp-Glu -Leu-COO-


KDEL


How are proteins directed to target organelles? - ✔✔Sorting signals


Where do proteins with no sorting signal go? - ✔✔Stay in cytosol


Proteins needed in nucleus - ✔✔-soluble proteins that associate with DNA


How does nuclear envelope get lipids and membrane proteins? - ✔✔ER membrane is

contiguous w/ nuclear envelope, so


lipids and membrane proteins synthesized in ER can be transported via backfilling (aka

lateral movement_ along lipid layers


Nuclear Pore - ✔✔Large structures on nuclear envelope


-Inner meshwork made short repeated sequences called FGs of pore proteins which

prevent the passage of large molecules (lets in small hydrophilic ones)


-Protein fibrils protrude on both sides (cytosolic & nuclear). Form tentacles on cytosol

and a basket on nucleus


How does nucleus get soluble proteins for DNA? - ✔✔Proteins are transported post-

translationally from cytosol (meaning in full functional form) through nuclear pores




Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2

, What do proteins destined for nucleus have? And what are the two functions of this

thing? - ✔✔A sorting signal called a nuclear localization signal (NLS) which serves as

both a mailing address to the nucleus and a ticket in


What are NLSs recognized by? - ✔✔Nuclear import receptors (NIRs) aka IMPORTIN


Importin - ✔✔Nuclear import receptor (NIR)


How is protein import into nucleus accomplished? - ✔✔-NLS on cargo protein

recognized by NIR which attach to cause conformational change in complex which

results in high affinity to nuclear pore tentacles in cytosol which pulls complex into the

pore


-NIR grabs onto FG repeats and bounce from FG to FG, plowing way into nucleus


-Attract to basket to enter nucleus, NIR and cargo protein dissociate and cargo protein

is delivered


Ran - ✔✔GTPase (has GTP on it) that can cause conformational changes essential for

translocation of protein through the NPC


Ran-GAP - ✔✔Ran-GAP (GTPase Activating Protein) helps convert Ran GTP to Ran

GDP via hydrolysis


What is on protein needing to leave the nucleus - ✔✔Nuclear export signal (NES)


What attaches to NES? - ✔✔Nuclear export receptor (NER) aka exportin



Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3

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