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  • January 26, 2025
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Porth’s Pathophysiology 10th Edition Norris Test Bank

1. At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions focused
on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the following comments
made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements would be considered a
good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book
reviews and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care
facilities
C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with
diabetes mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking
classes
D) Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis
sessions
E) Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children
Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” Engaging in
book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate
physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating
physical well-being even though the person has a chronic disease. Handwashing is vital
in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.

2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the large
variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is
referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects discussed, which
would be considered a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American
descent and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many
health care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good access to
health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high cholesterol levels
within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the “attaining lives
free of preventable disease and premature death” determinant.

, 5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has
3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large, arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the patient
between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease. verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery
Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of disease?
molecules that cause disease? A) “All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of B) “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like
packed red blood cells French fries every day.”
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from C) “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it
familial hypercholesterolemia easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen D) “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins
therapy and chest physiotherapy causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack.”
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and Ans: C
is HIV positive. Feedback:
Ans: D The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the
Feedback: pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process from
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery disease.
cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and lack of
effects of abnormal molecules. exercise.


4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a 6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the following obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the
aspects of clients' situations bN
esUt R
chSaI
raN
ctGerTizBe.
sC
paOthMogenesis rather than etiology? client for the first time. WhichNU
ofRtS
heIfN
olG
loTwBin.gCaO
spMects of the patient's current state of
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields
Ans: B bilaterally.
Feedback: D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute.
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the Ans: B
increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and Feedback:
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors. Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem,
such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds,
and respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.

,7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a disease or 9. The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply. differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and shortness
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is purported to
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of patients who
to intestinal aganglionosis have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3% of patients
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which
antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with A) Low validity; high reliability
Parkinson disease B) High sensitivity; low specificity
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease C) High specificity; low reliability
Ans: A, C D) High sensitivity; low reliability
Feedback: Ans: B
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are Feedback:
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
disease progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a
patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
10. As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens' center are
having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which of the
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive value but a low
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows negative predictive value for this screening test?
that A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men
A) a normal value represenNtsUtR heStI
esNt G
reTsuBl.
tsCthOaM
t fall within the bell curve. who had low PSA levelNs U alR
soSdIeN
veGloTpBe.
dCprO
oM
state cancer.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated. B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight. high levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
disease free. cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Ans: A D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity.
Feedback: Ans: A
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from Feedback:
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the disease with high sensitivity.
has been ruled out or excluded.

, 11. A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia. While there, 13. A particular disease has a debilitating effect on the ability of sufferers to perform their
he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on more than activities of daily living and is a significant cause of decreased quality of life. However,
one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C virus. Upon few people die as a result of the disease's direct effects. There are hundreds of thousands
return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his usual of Americans living with the disease but relatively few new cases in recent years. Which
activities. During this period of no outward symptoms, the man would be classified as of the following statements best conveys an accurate epidemiological characterization of
being in the disease?
A) the preclinical stage of disease. A) Low mortality; high morbidity; low prevalence; high incidence
B) remission and unlikely to develop hepatitis C. B) Low mortality; high morbidity; high incidence; low prevalence
C) the clinical disease stage of hepatitis C. C) High mortality; low morbidity; high incidence; low prevalence
D) the chronic phase of hepatitis C. D) High morbidity; low mortality; high prevalence, low incidence
Ans: A Ans: D
Feedback: Feedback:
During the preclinical stage, the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to Morbidity is associated with quality of life, while mortality is indicative of causation of
progress to clinical disease. death. In this case, morbidity is high and mortality is low. Prevalence refers to the
number of cases present in a population, while incidence refers to the number of new
cases. In this case, prevalence is high, while incidence is low.
12. As of November 1, 2012, there were a total of 10 confirmed cases of Hantavirus
infection in people who were recent visitors (mid-June to end of August, 2012) to
Yosemite National Park. Three visitors with confirmed cases died. Health officials 14. An epidemiologist is conducting a program of research aimed at identifying factors
believe that 9 out of the 10 people with Hantavirus were exposed while staying in Curry associated with incidence and prevalence of congenital cardiac defects in infants. The
Village in the Signature Tent Cabins. This is an example of researcher has recruited a large number of mothers whose infants were born with
A) what the anticipated mortality rate would be if a family of five were planning to cardiac defects as well as mothers whose infants were born with healthy hearts. The
vacation in Yosemite National Park. researcher is comparing the nutritional habits of all the mothers while their babies were
B) the prevalence of HantaNvU irR
usSoInN
eGcaTnBa.
ntC
icO
ipM
ate if he or she is going to vacation in in utero. Which of the followN inU
gRtyS
pI
esNoG
fTstB
ud.yCisOtM
he epidemiologist most likely
Yosemite National Park. conducting?
C) the low rate of morbidity one can expect while traveling to Yosemite National A) Cohort study
Park. B) Cross-sectional study
D) the incidence of people who are at risk for developing Hantavirus while staying in C) Case–control study
Yosemite National Park. D) Risk factor study
Ans: D Ans: C
Feedback: Feedback:
The incidence reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a In this study, the mothers with cardiac-affected babies would be the case group, while
specified time. the mothers of healthy infants would serve as a control. This study does not possess the
characteristics of a cohort or cross-sectional study, and risk factor study is not an
existing methodology.

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