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Exam 1 BIOL 100 Notes

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This lecture covers a range of topics in biology, from the characteristics of life (such as reproduction, growth, and energy use) to the scientific method and the role of ecology in understanding life on Earth. It highlights key concepts like the carbon cycle, biodiversity, and energy flow in ecosy...

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  • January 26, 2025
  • 13
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Eric ekdale
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nelsonpaige18
‭Biology 101‬
‭●‬ ‭Biology‬
‭○‬ ‭A scientific study of life‬
‭■‬ ‭Greek‬‭bios‬‭=‬‭life +‬‭logos‬‭= word‬
‭●‬ ‭What is Life?‬
‭‬
○ ‭ eproduction‬
R
‭○‬ ‭Growth and development‬
‭○‬ ‭Energy use‬
‭○‬ ‭Cells‬
‭○‬ ‭Order‬
‭○‬ ‭Response to environment‬
‭○‬ ‭Evolution‬
‭■‬ ‭Ex. A bird vs. a rock‬
‭●‬ ‭The Characteristics of Life‬
‭‬
○ ‭ ife reproduces, grows, and develops‬
L
‭○‬ ‭Reproduction is either asexual or sexual‬
‭○‬ ‭Life requires energy - it is brought in, converted to useful forms, and expelled‬
‭○‬ ‭Some living organisms have just one cell -‬‭unicellular‬
‭○‬ ‭Life is organized (organism, populations, communities, biosphere, ecosystem)‬
‭○‬ ‭(Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell,, organelle, molecule, atom)‬
‭○‬ ‭Homeostasis‬‭is the process by which a cell or organism‬‭maintains equilibrium.‬
‭○‬ ‭Evolution‬‭is why so many organisms seem perfectly‬‭suited to their environment‬‭;‬
‭heritable changes that have produced Earth’s diversity of organisms.‬
‭ ‬ ‭What is Science?‬

‭○‬ ‭“Modern science seeks to explain natural phenomena in natural terms.”‬
‭○‬ ‭Tendency to treat science as a body of facts‬
‭○‬ ‭Attributes of Science:‬
‭■‬ ‭Testable‬
‭■‬ ‭Repeatable‬
‭■‬ ‭Falsifiable‬
‭●‬ ‭Scientific Method‬
‭○‬ ‭Scientific method proper order: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction,‬
‭experiment‬
‭○‬ ‭Fact‬‭: Observation that has been repeatably confirmed‬
‭○‬ ‭Hypothesis‬‭: A proposed explanation for an observation‬‭that can be tested,‬
‭supported or refuted.‬
‭○‬ ‭Theory‬‭: Highly probable, well-tested, and substantiated‬‭explanations for a natural‬
‭phenomenon. A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of‬
‭experiments.‬
‭●‬ ‭Science and Semantics‬

, ‭○‬ T ‭ he term “theory” is used has two definitions: in everyday language as well as‬
‭scientifically.‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭hypothesis‬‭**‬
‭●‬ ‭Science is NOT …‬
‭○‬ ‭The solution to all problems and questions‬
‭○‬ ‭Ignorant of rules‬
‭○‬ ‭Road to the “truth”‬
‭○‬ ‭Out to prove anything‬
‭○‬ ‭100% certain‬
‭○‬ ‭Final answer‬
‭○‬ ‭Unbias‬
‭●‬ ‭How Science is Accomplished‬
‭○‬ ‭Science is conducted through the‬‭scientific method‬
‭■‬ ‭Observation‬
‭■‬ ‭Question‬
‭■‬ ‭Hypothesis‬
‭■‬ ‭Experiment‬
‭■‬ ‭Results‬
‭■‬ ‭Conclusion‬
‭●‬ ‭Climate Change‬
‭○‬ ‭Elements are substances that cannot be broken down or converted by chemical‬
‭reactions.‬
‭○‬ ‭Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are the elements that make up the bulk of‬
‭living cells.‬
‭●‬ ‭Essential Elements for Life‬
‭○‬ ‭Trace elements‬‭, also called micronutrients, are any‬‭chemical element required by‬
‭living organisms in miniscule amounts, but cells require them to survive.‬
‭○‬ ‭Nitrogen is one of the four elements that make up 96.3% of living cells.‬
‭○‬ ‭Calcium is one of the seven elements that make up a small fraction,‬
‭approximately 3.7%, of living cells.‬
‭○‬ ‭Zinc is one of the fourteen trace elements and is a component of certain digestive‬
‭enzymes and other proteins.‬
‭●‬ ‭Which Chemical Bonds Hold Atoms Together?‬
‭○‬ ‭An‬‭ionic bond‬‭is when one atom gives up one or more‬‭electrons to another atom.‬
‭○‬ ‭Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or‬
‭more electrons are‬‭ions‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭covalent‬‭bond involves the sharing of electron pairs‬‭between atoms, also‬
‭known as a molecular bond.‬
‭○‬ ‭When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a‬‭single‬‭bond is formed.‬

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