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  3. California Baptist University
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  5. General Biology II

Summary

Summary All About Viruses
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This document contains definitions, key terms, notes, and practice questions relating to the chapter about viruses. These notes/summary will aid you as you learn and discuss about viruses in Gen Bio II.

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  • January 27, 2025
  • 10
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary

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Concept 1: A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

 Viruses are smaller and simpler than cells, lacking structures and metabolic
machinery.
 Viruses rely on host cells for reproduction and metabolic activities.

Structure of Viruses

 Viruses are infectious particles consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat
(the capsid), and some have a membranous envelope derived from the host cell's
membrane.
 Viral genomes can consist of different types of nucleic acid and can be organized as
a single linear or circular molecule or multiple molecules.




 Viral envelopes are membranous outer layers that surround the capsids (a
protein shell around a virus genome). These envelopes are derived from the host
cell's membranes and contain host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins, as
well as viral proteins and glycoproteins.


Concept 2: Viruses replicate only in host cells

 Viruses lack metabolic enzymes and protein-making machinery, relying on host cells
for replication. They are obligate intracellular parasites.
 Host specificity of infection is determined by interactions between viral surface
proteins and receptor molecules on host cells.

General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles

 Viral infection starts when a virus binds to a host cell and its genome enters the cell.
 Different viruses use various mechanisms to enter host cells, such as injection,
endocytosis, or fusion.
 Once inside, the viral genome takes control and reprograms the cell to replicate the
viral genome and produce viral proteins.
 DNA viruses use the host cell's DNA polymerases, while RNA viruses use virally
encoded RNA polymerases to replicate their genomes.
 The viral components self-assemble into new viruses after replication.
 The release of viruses from infected cells can cause cellular damage and symptoms
associated with viral infections.
 Released viruses can infect additional cells and spread the infection.

, Replicative Cycles of Phages

 Phages are well-understood viruses that can replicate through the lytic cycle or the
lysogenic cycle.
 The lytic cycle leads to the death of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle allows
replication of the phage genome without killing the host.
 A virulent phage replicates only through the lytic cycle, while temperate phages
can use both modes of replication.
 In the lytic cycle, the phage's DNA enters the host cell, and the phage genes turn
the cell into a phage-producing factory, leading to cell lysis.
 In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome as
a prophage, and the phage genome remains mostly silent within the bacterium.
 The switch from the lysogenic to the lytic mode can be triggered by environmental
signals.

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