Summary

Summary All about Bacteria & Archaea

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Course
General Biology II

Institution
California Baptist University

This summary/notes contain key terms, definitions, visual aids, and practice questions that will help you in your studies relating to biology.

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Uploaded on January 27, 2025
Number of pages 14
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

prokaryote
archaea
peptidoglycan
fimbriae
flagella
binary fission
plasmid
biofilm
transformation
transduction
conjugation
phototroph
autotroph
heterotroph

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Exam 1 Notes & Summaries

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1. Summary - All about viruses
2. Summary - All about bacteria & archaea
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Concept 1: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic
success

 Prokaryotic populations have diversified through natural selection.
 Prokaryotic cells are typically unicellular and smaller than eukaryotic cells (0.5-5
μm).
 Prokaryotic cells exhibit various shapes, including rod-shaped, spherical, and spiral.

Cell-Surface Structures

 Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall that maintains shape, protects against bursting in
a hypotonic environment, and differs in structure from eukaryotic cell walls.
 Prokaryotic cell walls contain peptidoglycan (modified suger polymer), while
eukaryotic cell walls are made of cellulose or chitin.
 The Gram stain technique categorizes bacterial species based on cell wall
composition, with Gram-positive bacteria having a thick layer of peptidoglycan so
it will appear dark, and Gram-negative bacteria having less peptidoglycan and an
outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides so it will appear light.
 Capsules and slime layers protect prokaryotes from dehydration and shield them
from the host's immune system.
 Fimbriae are hairlike appendages that allow prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces or
other individuals.

Motility

 Prokaryotes exhibit taxis, a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus.
Chemotaxis is a type of taxis where prokaryotes change their movement pattern in
response to chemicals.

,  The most common structure that enables prokaryotes to move is flagella.
Prokaryotic flagella differ from eukaryotic flagella in size, composition, and
mechanism of propulsion.
 Bacterial and archaeal flagella are similar in size and rotational mechanism but
composed of different proteins. The flagella of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
arose independently and are analogous structures.
 Bacterial flagella originated as simpler structures and evolved through modification
in a stepwise fashion. Only half of the flagellum's protein components are necessary
for its function.
 The bacterial flagellum evolved through exaptation, where structures originally
adapted for one function take on new functions through descent with modification.

Internal Organization and DNA

 Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells in terms of internal structure and
DNA arrangement.
 Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-enclosed organelles but may have specialized
membranes and protein-based compartments.
 Prokaryotic genomes have less DNA and typically consist of one circular
chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes.
 Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, and their chromosome is located in the nucleoid.
 Prokaryotic cells may also have smaller rings of independently replicating DNA
called plasmids.
 Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and differ in protein and RNA content compared
to eukaryotic ribosomes.
 Certain antibiotics can bind to prokaryotic ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis
without affecting eukaryotic ribosomes.

Reproduction

 Prokaryotes reproduce quickly through binary fission, dividing into two, four,
eight, and so on.
 Rapid population growth in prokaryotes is due to their small size, binary fission
reproduction, and short generation times.

Concept 2: Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination
promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes

 Genetic variation is crucial for evolution.
 Prokaryotes show diverse adaptations, indicating high genetic diversity.

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