Exam (elaborations)

NURS 344, NURS 345

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Course
NURS 2510

Institution
University Of New Mexico

A Nursing Community Health & Leadership Document outlines a nurse's role in assessing and addressing health needs within a community, promoting wellness, and advocating for health equity. It includes a community assessment of demographics and barriers to care, evidence-based interventions (e.g., ed...

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Community Blueprint Quiz #2

Communicable Diseases Part 2-

Chapter 15, Module 5, Communicable Disease

 HIV: natural history, Epidemiology, Perinatal/Pediatric disease
o Natural history- Three stages
 Primary infection-
 Within about 1 month of contracting virus
 Clinical latency-
 When body shows no symptoms
 Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly
increased survival time of persons with HIV/AIDS
 Symptomatic disease (AIDS)-
 CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200/mL with documented HIV
infection
 AIDS-related opportunistic infections
Understand the stages (acute, clinical latency, AIDS)

o Epidemiology-
 First case of AIDS identified in 1981
 Worldwide 39 million people lives with HIV infection
 53% of those infected are women/girls
 Highest prevalence of HIV is in Southern/Eastern Africa (20.8M)
 Asia/Pacific (6.5M)
 Western/Central Africa (4.8M)
 Treatment for HIV infection has been given higher priority
 Incidence of HIV has decreased since 2010
HIV is transmitted through blood, sexual, contact, and from mother to child during birth
or breastfeeding

o Perinatal/Pediatric disease-
 Perinatal transmission-
 Accounts for nearly all HIV infection in children and can occur
during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding
 Recommendation-
 Make HIV testing routine part of prenatal care
 Initiate ART (Transmission rates drop from 35-45% to <2%)
 SVD is acceptable with low viral loads
 Pediatric infection-
 >90% of Pediatric HIV cases from perinatal transmission
 In general, children <5 years old are 2-9x more likely to die from
HIV infection
 Children of HIV parents at much higher risk of becoming orphans

,  Despite having an HIV-infected mother, many children do not
acquire HIV/AIDS.
 One or both parents may die, thus indirectly affecting the health of
the child.
Prevention of maternal-to-child transmission (antiretroviral therapy ART) during
pregnancy, labor, breastfeeding)

• Syphilis – focus on newborn syphilis-
o Infects moist mucous/cutaneous membranes
o Direct contact-
 Sexual contact/mother-fetus
 Blood transfusion (early-stage donor)
o Clinical signs-
 Primary-
 Single painless, open sore (chancre) appears 3-6 weeks after
exposure
 Secondary-
 Spreads through body, non-itchy rash
 Weight loss
 Fatigue
 Enlarged lymph nodes (often becomes latent)
 Tertiary-
 End organ damage occurs in 30–40% of people who do not
get treatment
o Almost 9 in 10 cases of newborn syphillis in 2022 might have been prevented
with timely testing and treatment during pregnancy
o Nearly 40% were among mothers who were not in prenatal care

o Key Determinants of whether a child is born with Syphillis-
 Where the pregnant person lives
 Race/Ethnicity-
 Pregnant people of color 8x more likely to have newborn
with Syphillis
Congenital syphilis occurs when a mother transmits the infection to her baby during
pregnancy. Early detection and treatment of pregnant women with syphilis are critical.

• HAV (Hepatitis V Virus)– transmission, why has incidence gone down?
o Most common transmission-
 Fecal-oral route
 Sources= Water, food, feces, sexual contact
 Found worldwide
Mainly fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food, water

o Incidence has gone down due to vaccine-
 Incidence has declined 92%

,  Makes HAV completely preventable
Due to improved sanitation, better hygiene, and vaccination efforts

• TB – 8 countries that account for 2/3 of all cases, why DOT?, P/S/T interventions
o Bangladesh
o India, Indonesia
o Nigeria
o Democratic Republic of the Congo
o Philippines
DOT (Directly Observed Therapy) ensures patients adhere to treatment to prevent
resistance
o Interventions-
 Primary-
 Education, vaccination
 Secondary-
 Screening, early detection
 Tertiary-
 Treatment to prevent complications

Chapter 8, module 5, Cultural Competency

• 8 Cultural Elements that can impact health care-
o Perception of time, Personal Space
o Environmental Control
o Religion
o Communication
o Social Organization
o Nutrition
o Biological Variation

• Barriers to Cultural Competence-
o Stereotyping-
 A fixed and overly simple image or idea about a specific culture, person
or group
 Blocks the willingness of a person to be open and to learn about specific
individuals, groups or cultures
 Stereotypes can be positive or negative
 Examples-
 Women are the best at being caring
 Boys are the best at math
 People from “x” country are all drunks
 People from “y” race are naturally athletic
o Prejudice
 Negative opinion based on stereotypes and not actual experience

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