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ANT 311: Anthropological Theory

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Anthropological Theory is a required course for all Anthropology majors, as well as being recommended for minors. This document holds the notes covering the entire semester. As well as tips and tricks for understanding theory.

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  • January 29, 2025
  • 18
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Professor woodard
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ANT 311- Anthropological Theory

On Roots of Social Difference
Week 2
September 3, 2024

Annotated Bibliographies:
- Citation for the Textbook:
INSERT author and title of short story
In Anthropological Theory for the Twenty-first Century: A Critical Approach,
edited by A. Lynn Bolles, Ruth Gomberg-Munoz, Bernard C. Perley, and Keri
Vacanti Brondo, 10-13. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.2022

Big Idea: What causes inequality?
On Roots of Social Difference:

- The social context:
- 19th and 20th Century:
o Reconstruction era from slavery and the civil war
o Colonialism
o Mass European Migration
o Industrial revolution is happening
o Suffrage and Labor movement
- Key Questions:
o Are people all related? If so, how?
o Who deserves rights? Land? Resources? Power?
- The intellectual foundation:
- 19th and 20th
o Evolution
 Classification of living organisms
 Evolutionary theory
o Political economy
 Abolition of slavery
 Women’s Suffrage
 Nationalism
 Anarchy
 Capitalism
 Socialism
 Communism
- Key Questions:
o What best explains the differences and profonde inequalities
among human groups? What about their similarities?
o Are socioeconomic and political inequalities natural and
inevitable? Are colonialism, slavery, and women’s subjugation
justifiable? How can we chance society to be more equitable?

,Frederick Douglas,
William Apess
- Began life as an indentured servant,
Karl Marx
- Communism
Freidrich Engles
Lewsis Henry Morgan
- Sociocultural evolution
- (ancient societies (1877))
Lucy Parsons, 1851-1942
- Social anarchist
- “More dangerous than a thousand rioters”
- Husband was part of the Haymarket 8, she went around the country
finding a defense case, the state executed Albert
Max Weber, 1864-1920
- Father of sociology
- Known for “economy and society” 1922

Discussion Questions:
- What is the underlying explanation for human social organization in
each piece? How does the social position of the scholar inform the
analysis that is advanced?
- How are these pieces in conversation with each other? What
assumptions do they hold in common, and where do they diverge?
Answers: with Lucy Parson
- Fighting for the equal rights for women, specifically with sex workers in
the labor movement , large pay gap between women labor workers
and men labor workers
- “she has been the slave of a slave”
- Involved in the labor movement and suffrage movement, because she
is both a laborer and a woman

On Methods of Fieldwork
09.10.24
Week 3

Big idea: How should anthropologists learn about human culture?
Learning Objectives:
- Define ethnography and situate ethnographic methods within
anthropological though
- Identify major figures in ethnographic research
- Explain what an emphasis on scientific methods contributes to
anthropological theories of humane sameness and difference
International Context: Early 20th Century
- WW1 (trench warfare)

, - WW2 ( mass murder weapons, bomb)
- Mass European emigration
- Eugenics and scientific racism
o Nazi Germany, sterilization of WOC etc.
Intellectual foundations:
- Cultural evolutionism
- Migration and diffusion (Boas)
- Eugenics
o Included in policy, and academics
Guiding questions:
- What best explains similarities and differences among human groups?
o Evolution
o “diffusion”
Edward Sapir, 1884-1939
- Co-founders of Anthropology at Yale
- “interest” determines vocabulary (linguistic)
o Ex. coastal cultures, having many words for water and marine life
- Born in Germany, brough t to US at age of 5
- Jewish, and faced antisemitism in the US
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:
o Linguistic determinism: language organizes cognition and shapes
behavior
o Language relativity: languages result from cultural history-
cannot be ranked and not connected to natural or material
objects
o Speakers of different languages occupy distinct conceptual
worlds
Arthur C. Parker, 1881-1955
- Archaeologist
- Director of Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences (1924-1945)
- First president of Society for American Archaeology
Franz Boas, 1858-1942
- Father of Anthropology
- Scientific method: Fighting against
o Sociocultural evolutionists
o Diffusionists
- Proposes an inductive approach to understanding societies
- Argues against scientific racism, and of eugenics
- Historical particularism: need to understand people in their own
context, not the past.
- Cultural relativism: no one culture is better than another, and one can
watch different cultural traditions, but one cannot judge them
- Four-field anthropology-
o How do they each shape who we are?
- Ethnographic fieldwork:

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