Operating System (OS): Concepts and Functions

Operating System (OS)
What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an intermediary
between computer hardware and the user. It manages hardware resources,
provides essential services to applications, and ensures efficient execution of
processes.

Key Roles of an OS

 Resource Management: Manages hardware resources like CPU, memory,
storage, and I/O devices.
 Process Management: Handles process creation, scheduling, and
termination.
 User Interface: Provides a user-friendly interface like Command-Line
Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI).
 Security and Access Control: Ensures data and system security by
regulating access.
 File System Management: Manages file storage, retrieval, and
organization.



Components of an Operating System
1. Kernel

The core part of the OS responsible for managing hardware resources and
enabling communication between software and hardware.

2. Shell

A command interpreter that provides an interface for users to interact with the
OS.

, 3. File System

Organizes and stores data on storage devices.

4. Device Drivers

Specialized programs that allow the OS to communicate with hardware devices.



Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating Systems

 Jobs are executed in batches without user interaction.
 Example: Early IBM systems.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

 Multiple users interact with the system simultaneously.
 Example: UNIX.

3. Distributed Operating Systems

 Coordinate multiple computers to act as a single system.
 Example: Hadoop.

4. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

 Provide real-time processing for time-critical tasks.
 Example: VxWorks.

5. Mobile Operating Systems

 Designed for mobile devices.
 Example: Android, iOS.

6. Embedded Operating Systems

 Used in embedded systems like IoT devices.