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Process in Operating Systems: Lifecycle, Scheduling, and Management

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Course
COMPUTER SCIENCE

Institution
Harvard University

This document explores processes in operating systems, covering process lifecycle, scheduling, and interprocess communication. It explains process states, context switching, and multitasking, highlighting how OS manages multiple processes efficiently.

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Uploaded on January 31, 2025
Number of pages 6
Written in 2024/2025
Type Other
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process management
cs1004
process lifecycle
scheduling algorithms
concurrency
multitasking
process states
context switching
operating system concepts
interprocess communication

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Complete Operating Systems study Guide and Q&A for Exams (20 Documents)

$ 99.70 $ 42.27 20 items

1. Other - Operating system (os): concepts and functions
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3. Other - Types of operating systems: features and applications
4. Other - Multitasking and multi-user systems (linux): process and user management
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6. Other - Time-sharing and multi-user systems (unix): process and resource management
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16. Other - Threads in operating systems: efficient multitasking and concurrency
17. Other - Process in operating systems: lifecycle, scheduling, and management
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20. Other - Operating systems question and answer guide: key concepts and solutions
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Process in Operating Systems
Introduction
A process is an instance of a program in execution. It includes the program code,
its current activity, and its associated resources. Processes are fundamental to the
operation of an operating system, as they allow the system to manage and
execute multiple tasks efficiently.

Process States
A process goes through various states during its lifecycle. The common states are:

1. New:
o The process is being created.
2. Ready:
o The process is loaded into memory and waiting to be assigned to the
CPU.
3. Running:
o The process is currently being executed by the CPU.
4. Waiting:
o The process is waiting for an event or resource (e.g., I/O operation).
5. Terminated:
o The process has completed its execution and is removed from
memory.

Process Control Block (PCB)
The operating system uses the Process Control Block (PCB) to store information
about each process. Key components of a PCB include:

1. Process ID (PID): Unique identifier for the process.
2. Process State: Current state of the process (e.g., Ready, Running).
3. Program Counter: Address of the next instruction to be executed.

, 4. CPU Registers: Store the process's intermediate computation data.
5. Memory Management Information: Includes base and limit registers, page
tables, etc.
6. I/O Status Information: Tracks I/O devices allocated to the process.
7. Accounting Information: Records CPU usage, execution time, etc.

Process Lifecycle
1. Creation:
o A new process is created using system calls like fork() (in Unix/Linux).
2. Execution:
o The process is executed by the CPU, transitioning between Ready and
Running states.
3. Termination:
o The process finishes execution or is terminated by the OS due to an
error or user action.

Process Scheduling
The operating system schedules processes to optimize CPU usage and system
performance. There are three levels of scheduling:

1. Long-Term Scheduling:
o Determines which processes are admitted into the system for
processing.
2. Medium-Term Scheduling:
o Temporarily removes processes from memory to manage limited
resources.
3. Short-Term Scheduling:
o Decides which process gets CPU time next.

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