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CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two Prep Questions And Answers | 100% Solved
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CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two PrepQuestions And Answers | 100% Solved
What is the concept defined as the physical and chemical processes the body uses to
maintain itself through catabolism and anabolism (build up versus break down)?
CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolism
Do alterations in metabolic function affect every system in the body? CORRECT
ANSWERS YES, it's systemic!
Examples:
1. Nutrition: glucose control, how your diet can also affect thyroid.
2. Elimination: diarrhea or constipation with thyroid disorders.
3. Infection: when protein production is disrupted it increases the risk for infection.
4. Mobility: neuropathy with diabetes.
5. Sensory Perception: again, neuropathy and retinopathy with diabetes.
Why is the Endocrine System important? CORRECT ANSWERS The endocrine system
is essential to the body's metabolic functioning and its adaptation to the changing
environment.
Which gland of the endocrine system is considered the "master gland" because of the
influence it has on secretions of hormones by OTHER endocrine glands? CORRECT
ANSWERS The pituitary gland!
It's located on the inferior aspect of the brain and is divided into two lobes: the anterior
and posterior pituitary.
What controls the pituitary gland? CORRECT ANSWERS The hypothalamus.
What are the various other anatomic structures involved in metabolic function?
CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Thyroid gland
2. Islets cells of the Pancreas
3. Adrenal Glands
4. Parathyroid Gland
5. Gonads: Testes and Ovaries
What are the chemical messengers in the body that cause a specific action? CORRECT
ANSWERS HORMONES!
,They are always present in varying amounts based on needs that change with changes
in the environment
What should be included in the nursing assessment in regards to Metabolism?
CORRECT ANSWERS 1. *Height and weight*: ex, can be affected by growth hormone.
2. *Fat distribution*: ex, Cushings where fat is moved tp specific areas of the body such
as the face and between the shoulders (cause a hump-like appearance).
3. *Immunosuppression*.
4. *Vital Signs*.
4. *Musculoskeletal anomalies*: ex, acromegaly (a long-term condition in which there is
too much growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time).
5. *Head, face, neck anomalies*.
6. *Skin, nail, and hair changes*: ex, with Hypothyroidism skin, nail, and hair changes
common with women over 40 (30% affected).
What system alterations should the nurse expect to see during their assessment in
regards to metabolic disorders? CORRECT ANSWERS 1. *Neuro changes*: ex, lack of
thermoregulation (body temp control).
2. *Cardiovascular changes*: ex, diabetes can lead to a narrowing of the blood vessels.
3. *GI disturbances*.
4. *GU disturbances*.
5. *Reproductive problems*.
What are the risk factors related to metabolic disorders? CORRECT ANSWERS 1.
*Age*: ex, anyone over 50 is more prone to *ALL METABOLIC DISORDERS*.
2. *Gender*: most metabolic disorders more common with FEMALES.
3. *Heredity*: ex, diabetes and thyroid disorders.
4. *Weight*: can be a BIG hint that a metabolic disorder is present.
5. *Environmental exposures*: ex, radiation exposure can damage thyroid function (and
also can increase likelihood of thyroid cancer).
,6 *Autoimmune disruption*: ex, Graves Disease (an autoimmune disorder that leads to
overactivity of the thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism) or Hashimoto's (chronic thyroiditis that
causes swelling/inflammation of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid
function: hypothyroidism).
7. *Ethnicity/Race*: ex, incidence of certain disorders is increased with particular
ethnicities such as African American WOMEN being at a higher risk for diabetes.
What are some lifespan considerations that affect an individuals' metabolic functioning?
CORRECT ANSWERS 1. *Gerontological Changes*: ex, weight gain, fatigue, thinning
hair (thyroid and sex hormone issue) and cognition changes (irritability).
2. *Changes in Children and Adolescents*: ex, "Precocious Puberty" where sexual and
physical characteristics happen earlier than normal (indicates something is wrong with
the sex hormones: prior to age 8 for girls and 9 for boys), Hyperpituitarism
(hypersecretion of pituitary hormones) can lead to gigantism, and increased weight gain
with children can lead to an increased occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes (80% of children
who are overweight WILL develop Type 2).
What is Diabetes Mellitus? CORRECT ANSWERS A chronic metabolic disease
characterized by INCREASED levels of blood glucose as a result of defects in insulin
*secretion* and insulin *action*.
Why has the incidence of diabetes increased in recent years? CORRECT ANSWERS
Because people as a whole are getting larger (for Type 2 diabetes) and less mobile.
What is the KEY to decreasing the *incidence* of Diabetes Mellitus? CORRECT
ANSWERS Prevention (identify symptoms early).
What is the key to limiting the *cost* of treatment for Diabetes Mellitus? CORRECT
ANSWERS Containment of complications! (achieving and maintaining meticulous blood
glucose control: the challenging part for both the nurse and the patient)
It's time to get in depth about the *pancreas*! What is the function of the pancreas in
regards to blood glucose regulation? How does it work? CORRECT ANSWERS The
pancreas is one of the major organs of the body. It has both exocrine (produces sodium
bicarbonate and digestive pancreatic enzyme) and endocrine (produces hormones;
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) function.
The endocrine function of the pancreas focuses on its special group of cells known as
the *Islets of Langerhans*. The Islets of Langerhans has three distinct types of cell, the
alpha, the beta, and the delta cells:
1. *Alpha Cells*
The alpha cells secrete *glucagon*. One of the major actions of glucagon is it
*stimulates the liver to convert glycogen (stored glucose) and amino acids to glucose*
, when blood glucose is *LOW*. The secretion of glucagon is actually a regulatory
mechanism wherein it is released once the body transmits negative feedback in cases
of low blood sugar level. This is an automatic response. *In cases that blood glucose
level is on its desired level or exceeds the normal level, glucagon secretion stops*.
(Alpha Cells--Glucagon--Increase BG)
2. *Beta Cells*
The beta cells secrete *insulin*. Insulin has two major functions in response to blood
glucose concentration. First, it *counters the effects of glucagon* by stimulating the liver
to convert glucose to glycogen (stimulates the liver to STORE gluocse) and inhibits the
conversion of other non-carbohydrates like amino acid to glucose. Second, *it facilitates
the diffusion of glucose into the cells* through insulin receptors. Insulin secretion is also
regulated by a negative feedback by the body to respond when the blood glucose is
*HIGH*. (Beta Cells--Insulin--Decrease BG)
3. *Delta Cells*
The delta cells secrete *somatostatin*. Somatostatin is released by the delta cells to
help regulate carbohydrates by *inhibiting the secretion of glucagon* (Delta Cells--
Somatostatin--Decrease BG)
*In the pancreas, the low blood sugar level in the b
What is happening in the pancreas with Diabetes Mellitus? CORRECT ANSWERS With
Diabetes Mellitus, the *beta cells (those which secrete insulin)* fail to release what is
required while the *alpha cells (those which secrete glucagon in response to low blood
sugar)* are either normal or hyperactivated.
As the insulin production cannot cope up with the production of glucagon, the blood
glucose level remains above normal. Also, this is aggravated by constant carbohydrates
and protein intake.
*Therefore with diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin (type 1 diabetes)
or the body can't respond normally to the insulin that is made (type 2 diabetes). This
causes glucose levels in the blood to rise (hyperglycemia)*.
What are the 3 P's of Hyperglycemia? CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Polyuria: frequent
urination.
2. Polydipsia: excessive thirst.
3. Polyphagia: excessive hunger.
What is a common physical characteristic of a patient with hyperglycemia? CORRECT
ANSWERS "Fruity" breath smell.
How does diabetes affect the vessels of the body? CORRECT ANSWERS Diabetes
damages ALL vessels and starts with the smallest ones.
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