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511 Exam 2 Study Guide Exam Questions And All Actual Answers.
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Which cervical segment is most susceptible to shearing? What else is unique about this segment? - Answer *C5/C6* -Site of cervical enlargement of spinal cord (UE function) -Point of sharpest lordosis in C/S Describe how disruption of the C5/C6 segment can affect both the shoulder and the ne...

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  • February 1, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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511 Exam 2 Study Guide Exam
Questions And All Actual Answers.
Which cervical segment is most susceptible to shearing? What else is unique about this segment? -
Answer *C5/C6*

-Site of cervical enlargement of spinal cord (UE function)

-Point of sharpest lordosis in C/S



Describe how disruption of the C5/C6 segment can affect both the shoulder and the neck - Answer -
C5/C6 segment innervates the shoulder

-Disruption of the C5/C6 segment can cause a loss of kinesthetic control of the shoulder: protracted
scapula, downward tilt, & internal rotation of humeral head --> impingement

-Compensation for loss of kinesthetic control of shoulder with more neck movement

-Tight posterior capsule can pinch radial and axial nerves



Describe how headaches can manifest from vertebral irritation - Answer -Afferents from articular
surfaces of *C1*, *C2*, & *C3* vertebrae (as well as their corresponding muscles, capsules, & ligaments)
converge on the *trigeminal nucleus*, which also recieves afferents from the face



Where is the *trigeminal nucleus* located? - Answer In the *pons* roughly around *C1-C3*



Name the major *red flags* of the C/S - Answer -*B*ilateral or quadrilateral paresthesia

-*L*ip numbness

-*A*taxia

-*N*ystagmus

-*D* (5 D's): diplopia, dizziness, dysarthria, drop attack, dysphagia



Which red flags of the C/S are related to vertebral artery compromise? - Answer -Bilateral or
quadrilateral paresthesia

-*Lip numbness*

,-*Ataxia*

-*Nystagmus*

-*D (5 D's)*: diplopia, dizziness, dysarthria, drop attack, dysphagia



Which red flags of the C/S are related to cord compression? - Answer -*Bilateral or quadrilateral
paresthesia*

-Lip numbness

-*Ataxia*

-Nystagmus

-D (5 D's): diplopia, dizziness, dysarthria, drop attack, dysphagia



Describe the facet orientation of *C3-C7* and how this affects motions at these segments - Answer -
*Superior facet* of motion segment faces INFERIOR, ANTERIOR, and LATERAL

-*Inferior facet* of motion segment faces SUPERIOR, POSTERIOR, and MEDIAL

-*Sidebend* and *rotation* are always coupled motions



How does the orientation of cervical facets affect motion if a facet is stuck at one side? - Answer -
Cervical facets are oriented towards midline

-If a facet is *stuck closed* on one side, rotation occurs towards the *ipsilateral* side

-If a facet is *stuck open* on one side, rotation occurs to the *contralateral* side



What structures reinforce the z-joint capsules of the C/S anteriorly and posteriorly? - Answer -
Anteriorly: *ligamentum flavum*

-Posteriorly: *multifidus* deep insertion (richly innervated by proprioceptive fibers)



Define *synovial inclusions* and the risk they pose to the C/S - Answer -Vascularized synovial fat pads

-Subject to bruising and rupture in high velocity injuries --> entrapment



What is a defining feature of the *C3-C7* segments? - Answer Uncovertebral joints

, What motion do *uncovertebral* joints prevent and at what age do they typically develop? - Answer -
Help prevent *lateral shear*

-Develop by *8 years* of age from vascular fibrous tissue of outer annulus



There is only ____mm of overlap between cervical facets during flexion. Why is this dangerous? - Answer
-*5mm*

-Segments can sublex and disrupt structures



Describe the facet shape of the *zygapophyseal joint* at the C0/C1 segment (atlanto-occipital joint) and
how this affects motion at that segment - Answer -Base of occiput condyles = *convex*

-Top of C1 condyles = *concave*

-Motion at the segment = nodding

-Nod down --> skull slides *posterior*

-Nod up --> skull slides *anterior*

-SB *R* --> skulls slides *L*

-SB *L* --> skull slide *R*



Describe unilateral flexion of the OA joint (describe what occurs during *R* vs *L* unilateral flexion) -
Answer *B anterior roll* + *SB contralateral side* + *ipsilateral rotation*

-R unilateral flexion = B anterior roll + L SB + R rotation

-L unilateral flexion = B anterior roll + R SB + L rotation



Describe unilateral extension of the OA joint (describe what occurs during *R* vs *L* unilateral
extension) - Answer *B posterior roll* + *SB ipsilateral side* + *contralateral rotation*

-R unilateral extension = B posterior roll + R SB + L anterior slide

-L unilateral extension = B posterior roll + L SB + R anterior slide



-As you rotate left, the R OA joint (flexes/extends)

-As you rotate left, the L OA joint (flexes/extends) - Answer -As you rotate left, the R OA joint *extends*

-As you rotate left, the L OA joint *flexes*

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