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SOCIOLOGY 100 FINAL EXAM
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SOCIOLOGY 100 FINAL EXAM
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SOCIOLOGY 100 FINAL EXAMDeviance - Answers- a behavior violating the norms of standards of a group, society, or
one's peers
social constructionism of deviance - Answers- each society or culture creates rules of
behavior by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - Answers- developed by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach to
understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by emphasizing
the importance of cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student, innovation: drug dealer,
ritualism: business men, retreatism: hippies, rebellion: Malcom X (are legitimate means
of reaching goals equally available? no, so some groups will use illegitimate means to
reach them)
Conflict Theory - Answers- theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states
when social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - Answers- theoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states that those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4 bonds:
attachment, commitment, involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - Answers- theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states
that any act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - Answers- the structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the distribution
of wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social statuses)
How Americans view stratification - Answers- Underestimated inequality, inequality has
increased in the last 30 years
traditional class system - Answers- ascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - Answers- achieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - Answers- huge inequality in income, but even
more in wealth, the rate of growth has changed
Marx - Answers- Which sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes: proletariat
and bourgeoisie?
Wright - Answers- Which sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes:
capitalists, petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
, Gilbert and Kahl - Answers- Which sociologist(s) believed that there were six classes:
capitalist class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and
underclass?
horizontal mobility - Answers- individuals change roles but experience no change in
social standing
vertical mobility - Answers- significant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - Answers- children's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - Answers- mobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - Answers- mobility resulting from a change in the occupations
structure of stratification system, rather than individual achievement
the social construction of race - Answers- different individuals have power to SHAPE
how society sees race
social race - Answers- a category of people who are perceived to belong to the same
group based on visible characteristics
ethnic group - Answers- a category of people defined on the basis of their cultural
characteristics and common heritage
minority group - Answers- a subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of
prestige, wealth and power
prejudice - Answers- negative attitudes, beliefs, or feelings towards members of
another group simply because they are a member of that group
racism - Answers- an ideology/rational used to justify prejudice and discrimination
toward members of another race based on a belief they are inherently inferior
discrimination - Answers- the unfavorable treatment of people denying them
opportunities or rights because of their group membership
attitudinal discrimination - Answers- discrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes,
human behaviors with the INTENT to discriminate
institutional discrimination - Answers- organizational/institutional practices that create
racial inequality, minority exclusion, etc., or perpetuate racial inequality, minority
exclusion, etc.
gender - Answers- social status associated with a person's sex
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