100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Robbins Basic Pathology - Chapter 3 $4.27
Add to cart

Summary

Summary Robbins Basic Pathology - Chapter 3

1 review
 547 views  6 purchases
  • Course
  • Institution
  • Book

Summary Chapter 3 - Inflammation and Repair of Robbins Basic Pathology

Preview 2 out of 10  pages

  • No
  • Hoofstuk 3
  • May 23, 2020
  • 10
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: drstootla • 1 year ago

avatar-seller
Overview of Inflammation: definitions and general features
Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells
and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate
the offending agents.
 Rid the host both the initial cause of cell injury and the consequences of such injury
 Mediators = phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies and complement proteins
 Process of inflammation
o The offending agent, which is located in extravascular tissues is recognized by host
cells and molecules
o Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the circulation to the site where
the offending agent is located
o The leukocytes and proteins are activated and work together to destroy and
eliminate the offending substances
o The reaction is controlled and terminated
o The damaged tissue is repaired
Inflammation may be of two types, acute and chronic
 Acute inflammation
o Initial, rapid response
o Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins and emigration of leukocytes
 Chronic inflammation
o May follow acute inflammation
o Longer of duration and associated with more tissue destruction, presence of
lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels and fibrosis
Inflammation is induced by chemical mediators that are produced by host cells in response to
injurious stimuli.
 Induce and regulate subsequent inflammatory response
 Efflux of plasma and recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the site of offending agent
 Activate recruited leukocytes, enhancing ability to destroy and remove offending agents
The external manifestations of inflammation, often called its cardinal signs, are heat (calor), redness
(rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (function laesa).
 Consequences of the vascular changes and leukocyte recruitment and activation
In some situations, the inflammatory reaction becomes the cause of disease, and the damage it
produces is its dominant feature.
 Harmful consequences are self-limited and resolve inflammation abates
 Inflammatory reaction underlies common chronic diseases
Inflammation is terminated when the offending agent is eliminated.
 Reaction resolves because mediators are broken down and dissipated
 Anti-inflammatory mechanisms are activated, serving to control the response and prevent it
from causing excessive damage to the host
 Process of tissue repair  regeneration and scarring

Cause of Inflammation
 Infections and microbial toxins
o Acute  little or no lasting damage
o Severe systemic reaction  fatal
o Prolonged reactions  extensive tissue injury
 Tissue necrosis
o Ischemia, trauma and physical and chemical injury
 Foreign bodies
o May elicit by themselves or they cause traumatic tissue injury
o Endogenous substances in large amounts can cause inflammation

,  Immune reactions  hypersensitivity
o Autoimmune disease  directed against self-antigens
o Allergies  against environmental substances
o Stimuli cannot be eliminated  persistent and difficult to cure

Recognition of Microbes and Damaged Cells
The first step in inflammatory response is the recognition of microbes and necrotic cells by cellular
receptors and circulating proteins
 Cellular receptors for microbes
o Toll-like receptors
 Able to detect extracellular and ingested microbes
 Recognize motifs common to many microbes PAMPs
 Sensors of cell damage
o Cytosolic receptors that recognize molecules that are liberated or altered as a
consequence of cell damage
o Inflammasome
 Induces production of cytokine interleukin 1
 Recruits leukocytes and induces inflammation
o Autoinflammatory syndromes
 Spontaneous inflammation
 Circulating proteins
o Complement system
 Reacts against microbes and produces mediators of inflammation
o Mannose-binding lectin
 Recognizes microbial sugars and promotes ingestion of microbes and
activation of the complement system
o Collectins
 Bind to microbes and promote their phagocytosis

Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation has three major components:
1. Dilation of small vessels, leading to increase in blood flow
2. Increased permeability of microvasculature, enabling plasma proteins and leukocytes to
leave circulation
3. Emigration of leukocytes form the microcirculation, their accumulation in the focus of injury
and their activation to eliminate the offending agent

Reactions of Blood Vessels in Acute Inflammation
The vascular reaction of acute inflammation consists of changes in the flow of blood and the
permeability of vessels, both designed to maximize the movement of plasma proteins and leukocytes
out of the circulation and into the site of infection or injury.
 Exudate is an extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and contains cellular
debris. Presence implies increase in permeability of small blood vessels.
 A transudate is a fluid with low protein content, little or on cellular material, and low specific
gravity. Normal permeability
 Edema denotes an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities (exudate or
transudate)
 Pus, a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes, debris of dead cells
and microbes

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller sachajacobs. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $4.27. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$4.27  6x  sold
  • (1)
Add to cart
Added