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Bio 1500 FINAL Learning Objectives Exam Questions and Answers
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Bio 1500 FINAL: Learning ObjectivesExam Questions and Answers
Identify dragonflies as ancient insects (which, what, why) - Correct Answers -o
Carboniferous period (325 million years ago)
o Among first insects to fly
o meganeura
Identify huge body size as outstanding characteristic of animals (including dragonflies)
in the carboniferous - Correct Answers -o Dragonflies had 8 ft. wingspan
o Weight - 150 g today = 1 g
Categorize different energy forms as 'kinetic' or 'potential' - Correct Answers -o Kinetic:
energy of motion
EX: heat, light, electricity
o Potential: store energy
EX: chemical
Apply the 1st law of thermodynamics - Correct Answers -o Energy can never be created
nor destroyed, but can be converted/change form
Compare visible light energy with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum: how is it
similar, what makes it special to us? - Correct Answers -wavelength increases from L to
R, but frequency decreases
Describe the potential outcomes of light striking an object - Correct Answers -1.
Reflected
2. Transmitted
3. Absorbed
Rank the importance of team-working skills, content knowledge, communication skills,
learning skills...for employers and graduate school administration - Correct Answers -o
Teamwork --> communication OR learning --> content knowledge
Develop more than on hypotheses why dragonflies were so big - Correct Answers -o
Why were they so big and so much smaller now?
o The high oxygen levels during the Carboniferous allowed insects to get so big
o The absence of aerial predators during the Carboniferous allowed insects to get so
big
o **due to changes in atmosphere and climate**
,Memorize the major milestones in the early story on Earth (up to 500 mya) - Correct
Answers -o First animals...590 mya
o First dinosaurs...230 mya
o First birds...150 mya
o Genus Homo...2 mya
Identify interesting and 'unusual events' in the history of Earth - Correct Answers -o
Universe formed/big bang...13.7 bya
o Earth formed...4.6 bya
o Oldest evidence of life...3.8 bya
o Cyanobacteria...2.5 bya
o Eukaryotes (cell organelles)...2.0 bya
o "Snowball" ice ages ...760-600 mya
Recall environmental characteristics of Carboniferous time - Correct Answers -o Forests
without trees, cool climate, primitive plants, swamps
Interpret the data considered by Clapham and Karr with respect to the hypotheses
developed above - Correct Answers -o Atmospheric pO2, temperature, and evolution of
flying predators
o Temperature affects body size because metabolic O2, food, growing season, and
foraging time are affected
o Maneuverability affects predation
Describe and interpret figure 1 of Clapham and Karr - Correct Answers -o Relationship
between wing length and atmospheric pressure and age (mya)
o Decrease from 300-250 mya
Formulate a hypothesis about the factors that allowed insects to be so big, based on the
findings of Clapham and Karr - Correct Answers -o pO2 and temperature allowed
insects to get so big
Identify the wavelengths (i.e. colors) of light by chlorophyll - Correct Answers -o Absorbs
violet, blue, and red light
o Reflects green (the color we perceive)
Describe diffusion from the point of view of individual molecules and all molecules -
Correct Answers -o Diffusion: passive movement of molecules
o driven by thermal ('Brownian') movement of molecules
o each molecule is RANDOM
Explain your observations of reddish light coming from chlorophyll when lit with bright
white light. Include a description of fluorescence into your explanation - Correct
Answers -o Fluorescence: a substance ABSORBS light energy and then RE-EMITS it at
a different wavelength
o Red light energy = long wavelength
, o Energy of a photon is absorbed by a molecule and 'excites' an electron into a higher-
energy state
o The electron quickly drops to its ground state, releasing energy as light
Recall the basic function, inputs, and outputs of light dependent and light independent
reactions of photosynthesis. Explain why O2 is a by-product of photosynthesis. - Correct
Answers -2 steps of photosynthesis:
1. Light reactions
- ATP (adenine tri-phosphate) is synthesized and is used to transport energy around
cells
2. Light independent reactions
- The ATP and NADPH are used to build carbohydrates from CO2 and water (known as
the Calvin Cycle)
- NADPH is generated (another energy-carrier molecule)
- Water is split apart in the process, releasing O2 as a byproduct
Describe the chemical and energetic changes that occur as ADP cycles to ATP and
back again to ADP - Correct Answers -- if a reaction requires energy: ATP --> ADP
- if a reaction releases energy: ADP --> ATP
Recall the processes that lead to the Great Oxygenation Revolution. How did the Earth
look before and after this event? - Correct Answers -o BEFORE: no leafy plants, no
animals, no insects; bacteria = anaerobic; oceans
o **Cyanobacteria changed things**
o AFTER: free O2 produced; increase in photosynthesis
Assess the different outcomes of the Great Oxygen Revolution regarding their
consequences for life on Earth and for Earth's geology and atmosphere - Correct
Answers -o Minerals formed
o Ozone layer formed—protection from UV light
o Free O2 is toxic to cells global mass extinction
o O2 reacted with Methane (greenhouse gas), removing it from the atmosphere
Snowball ice age (2.4-2.1 bya)
Refer to Earth viewer; everything was frozen
o Some prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2
Leading to evolution of cellular respiration
o LATER: eukaryotes with chloroplasts more effective
o MUCH LATER: evolution of multicellular life
Memorize the 4 postulates of natural selection - Correct Answers -1. Individuals vary in
their traits
2. Some of the variation is heritable
3. More offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. Survival and reproduction are non-random; those with favorable traits reproduce most
and pass the genes to the next generation
**favorable traits become more common**
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