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PHGY 216 Module 2 Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers
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PHGY 216 Module 2 Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers What are gonads? - The primary reproductive organs What are the male gonads? -The testes What are the female gonads? - The ovaries What is the reproductive tract? - The system of ducts that are specialized to transport or house the gam...

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  • February 17, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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PHGY 216 Module 2



What are gonads?
- The primary reproductive organs

What are the male gonads?
-The testes

What are the female gonads?
- The ovaries

What is the reproductive tract?
- The system of ducts that are specialized to transport or house the gametes once they
are produced

What are the external genitalia?
- The externally visible part of the reproductive tract

What is sexual differentiation?
- Refers to the embryonic development of both the external genitalia and the
reproductive tract

What are the genetic differences that lead to sexual differentiation?
- Genetic sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes at conception

How are the gametes produced?
- Via meiosis
- Diploid parent cells divide to produce haploid gamete cells (sperm and ova)

How do fertilized ova obtain X and/or Y chromosomes?
- Half of the sperm produced carry an X chromosome and the other has a Y
chromosome
- All ova produced carry a single X chromosome
- When the two haploid cells combine they create a fertilized ovum with 2 sets of 23
chromosomes

How is genetic sex determined?
- If the developing embryo is formed from a sperm carrying an X chromosome then it
will be an XX or female embryo
- If the developing embryo is formed from a sperm carrying a Y chromosome then it will
be an XY or male embryo

,What are the gonadal differences that lead to sexual differentiation?
- Determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome

When does gonadal differentiation occur?
- For the first 6 weeks of gestation, the male and female reproductive embryo are
identical
- At week seven the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) stimulates the
production of H-Y antigen which acts on the gonads to differentiate into testes
- The absence of H-Y antigen the gonads differentiate into ovaries

What are the phenotypical differences in sex?
- Dependent on the gonadal sex
- Both sexes have the potential to develop either male or female external genitalia and
reproductive tracts

How do phenotypical differences in sex occur?
- In the presence of androgens secreted by the developing testes male-type
reproductive systems are developed
- In the absence of androgens a female-type reproductive system is developed

Describe meiosis I.
- Replicated chromosomes containing an identical pair of chromatids sort themselves
into homologous pairs
- Each daughter cell receives a single set of chromosomes or one homologue from each
pair

What are the results of meiosis I?
- Two daughter cells with a single set of chromosomes each containing a pair of sister
chromatids

Describe meiosis II.
- The sister chromatids within the chromosome of each daughter cell separate and are
distributed to two cells

What are the results of meiosis II?
- Four daughter cells each containing a single set of chromosomes containing one
chromatid each

What are the two primitive reproductive duct systems?
- Wolffian ducts
- Müllerian ducts

How do the Wolffian ducts develop into the male reproductive system?
- The placenta secreted human chorionic gonadotropin
- If testes are present hCG stimulates them to produce and secrete testosterone

, - Testosterone will then stimulate the Wolffian ducts to develop into the male
reproductive system

How are the male external genitalia formed?
- Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone which develops the external male
genitalia

How do the Müllerian ducts degrade?
- The testes secrete Müllerian-inhibiting factor

How do the Müllerian ducts develop into the female reproductive system?
- In the absence of testosterone, the Wolffian ducts degrade and the Müllerian ducts
develop into the female reproductive tract and external genitalia

Why is the differentiation of sex dependent on testosterone?
- During development, the embryo is exposed to high levels of female sex hormones in
the womb
- Without testosterone, all fetuses would be feminized

Where are the testes located?
- Outside of the abdominal cavity
- Within the scrotal sac

When do the testes descend?
- In the last months of fetal life

What occurs when the testes do not descend?
- For the majority of premature babies, the testes will descend in early childhood
- If they remain undescended into adulthood this condition is called cryptorchidism and
results in sterility

What is the importance of the location of the testes?
- Spermatogenesis is very temperature-sensitive
- The temperature within the scrotum averages several degrees Celsius less than the
core body temperature

Why are individuals with cryptorchidism sterile?
- They are unable to produce viable sperm because spermatogenesis cannot occur at a
normal body temperature

What occurs when the testes are too cold for spermatogenesis?
- The cremaster and the dartos muscles contract to bring the testes closer to the body
to gain heat

What occurs when the testes are too hot for spermatogenesis?
- The scrotal muscles relax to move the testes away from the body

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