This is a summary of the books "Essential Research Findings in Counselling and Psychotherapy" by Mick Cooper and "Current Psychotherapies" by Wedding and Corsini. It consists of about 100 pages and gives detailed insights into both books. It is the perfect summary for the course "Psychotherapy: The...
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Test Bank For Current Psychotherapies - 10th - 2014 All Chapters - 9781285083711
Test Bank For Current Psychotherapies 11th Edition By Danny Wedding ISBN NO: 9781305865754 Complete Guide
Summary all literature Overview of Psychotherapy
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Psychotherapy: theory, research and practice
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Notes for Psychotherapy: Theory,
Research and Practice
- Current Psychotherapies by Wedding & Corsini - 1
Chapter 1 - Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies 1
Chapter 2 - Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies 7
Chapter 4 - Client-centred therapy 19
Chapter 6 - Behavior Therapy 31
Chapter 7 - Cognitive Therapy 41
Chapter 11 - Family Therapy 52
- Essential Research Findings by Cooper - 64
Chapter 1 - Introduction: The challenge of research 64
Chapter 2 - The Outcomes of Counselling and Psychotherapy 66
Chapter 3 - Does Orientation Matter? Great Psychotherapy Debate 72
Chapter 4 - Client Factors: the Heart & Soul of Therapeutic Change 78
Chapter 5 - Therapist Factors: Who works for What? 84
Chapter 6 - Relational Factors 90
Chapter 7 - Technique and Practice Factors 99
- Current Psychotherapies by Wedding &
Corsini -
Chapter 1 - Introduction to 21st-Century
Psychotherapies
Evolution of the science and profession
- this book surveys a diverse set of effective psychotherapies
- Each represents a vision of the human as well as set of distinct treatment procedures
- most therapeutic approaches have an increasingly short half life
- Several contemporary psychotherapies have their roots in the early 20th century
1
,Historical Foundations of Psychotherapy
- humans have always sought means to remedy the mental disorders that have afflicted them
- Some of them (eg. Healing rituals) were unscientific, though not necessarily ineffective
- Pre-christian templelike asklepeia
- Meditation, religious lectures etc.
- Secularistic Stream of psychophysiological treatment
- Hippocrates
- Surprisingly scientific
- Hellenist physicians
- Brain as seat of knowledge and learning and also source of depression, delirium and
madness
- Hippocrates
- Address illness by natural means
- psychotherapy as a domain of science did not exegete until the 18th century
The Unconscious
A Primordial Construct
- the unconscious plays a central role in many theories
- Unconscious was a key construct in the psychotherapies that emerged in the West in 19th
century
- Scientific study of the unconscious is believed to have started with renowned polymath
Wilhelm Leibniz
- Studied the role of subliminal perceptions in our daily life
- Coined the term ‘dynamic’ to describe the forces operative in unconscious mentation
- Johann Friedrich Herbart
- Attempted to mathematicize the dynamics describing the passage of memories to and from
the conscious and the unconscious
- Tactic ideas struggle with one another for access to consciousness as dissonant ideas repel
and depress one another
- Associated ideas help draw each other into consciousness
- Example of famous scientists who attributed meaning to the unconscious
Mesmer and Schopenhauer
- two of the most influential and creative thinkers in the early 19th century were Franz Anton
Mesmer and Arthur Schopenhauer
- Mesmer:
- Pioneer of hypnotherapy
- Effectively discredited the exorcist tradition that had dominated the pre-enlightenment
Europe
- But many quaint and unsubstantiated hypotheses
- Importance of rapport between therapist and patient
- Stressed the influence of the unconscious in shaping behavior
- Demonstrated influence of personal qualities of the therapist and selective function of
memories
- Importance of patient’s confidence in treatment procedures
- 3 distinct streams of investigation:
1) systematic, lab-bench empirical work
2) Philosophers of nature
2
,3) Clinical researchers
Psychotherapy-related science in the 19th century
The Natural Science Empiricists
- some of the greatest scientists of the 19th century (Fechner, Helmholtz) conducted seminal
research in the area of cognitive science
- Fechner’s work:
- Distinction between theatres of the waking and sleeping states, especially the dream state
- Unconscious exists
- Attempted to measure the intensity of psychic stimulation needed for ideas to cross the
threshold form the unconscious to full awareness (now: working memory)
- As well as the intensity of the resultant perception
- Freud, Gestalt, Ericksonism
- Helmholtz:
- Discovered the phenomenon of ‘unconscious inference’ -> ‘a kind of instantaneous and
unconscious reconstruction of what our past taught us about the object’
- Experimentalist
- Referred to in Kahnemanns ‘slow and fast thinking’
- can be seen as organicist tradition
- Emil Kraeplin
- Saw no use in investigating medication
- Classified diseases, described them and schematised their courses
- Established benchmarks for ongoing prognoses
- Basis for DSM
- Only psychological approach to mental illness as effect
The Psychologist - Philosopher
- philosophers of nature had a much greater long-term influence on the development of the
psychotherapies described in the following chapters of the book than did the laboratory-based
scientists
- Philosophers were romantics -> rooted in nature, beauty, homeland etc,
- Schopenhauer:
- ‘The world as Will and Idea’
- Provided ideational first for generations of psychological researchers
- Treatise on sexuality and realm of unconscious
- We know things that were are unaware that we know and we are largely driven by blind,
irrational forces
- Irrationalist and pansexual view of human behavior
- was deterministic and also pessimistic
- Carus: developed an early and sophisticated schema of the unconscious
- Several levels to the unconscious
- Humans interacting do so simultaneously at various levels of their consciousness and
unconsciousness
- Both the therapist and client engage in transference and countertransference
- Non-linear messages systematically and simultaneously radiate in all directions
- Nietzsche:
- Conscious thinking is a more or less fantastic commentary on an unconscious, perhaps
unknowable but felt text
3
, - Developed notions of self-deception, sublimination, repression, etc.
- Used to conceals more serious personal failures -> defence mechanisms
The Clinician-Researchers
- Benedikt:
- Developed concept of seeking out and clinically purging pathogenic secrets (later an
essential part of analytic psychotherapy)
- psychotherapies are in constant evolution
- But clinicians often continue to use the strategies, techniques, and guiding principles they
learned in their graduate professional programs, even though they may have become
outdated
- Remaining at a fixed stage of one’s continually evolving profession is not a desirable
outcome
The impact of the biological sciences on psychotherapy
- when patients learn new ideas, concomitant alterations of the brain occur
- Every encounter with our environment causes changes within us and especially in our neural
functioning
- Once skills are truly learned and lodged permanently in storage, it is difficult to unlearn them
- Education implies permanence
- Task of the therapist in most cases is to help the patient fashion alternative and ‘future’
memories supported by newly adopted motivational schemas
- Grawe:
- Psychotherapy appears to achieve its effects through changes in gene expression at the
neuronal level
- Further neuronal embedding of patients in their dysfunctional past by prodding them to
ruminate about that past does not erase their painful memories nor their dwelling on these
memories
- Effective therapists teach parents how to avoid dysfunctional ruminations, harmful
behavioural routines, and maladaptive habits that will advance their well being and that of
others with whom they interact
- Help clients develop social, interpersonal, self-disciplinary habits
- neuronal restructuring -> through learning processes -> enables changes in behavior, affect
and mentation
- Plasticity provides us the affordances of redemption and improved well being
- Much of this is achieved through epigenetic change:
- External events can turn genes off or on by enabling the synthesis of proteins that act on
the genome in the cell nuclei
- Introducing minor novelties into the clients life can have enormous impacts on the way they
perceive and experience themselves
- Neurological perspective on psychotherapy allows the creative exploration of the cognitive
and emotional variables
- Culture functions as genetic enablers
- Culture is sedimented in the body and pervades our central nervous system
- Epigenetic effect can operate for better or for worse, depending on the richness and
benignancy of one’s culture
- Copley biocultural matrix of the organic and the environmental
4
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