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NUR 3125 -Final Exam 3 Questions And All Complete Solutions.
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aging and the digestive system - Answer -tooth enamel worn down -loss of teeth -peridontal disease and gum recession -osteoporosis -decline in # of taste buds, sense of smell, and salivary secretion -decrease in esophageal and gastric motility hunger is induced by what? - Answer induc...

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  • February 20, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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NUR 3125 -Final Exam 3 Questions And
All Complete Solutions.
aging and the digestive system - Answer -tooth enamel worn down

-loss of teeth

-peridontal disease and gum recession

-osteoporosis

-decline in # of taste buds, sense of smell, and salivary secretion

-decrease in esophageal and gastric motility



hunger is induced by what? - Answer induced by low glucose levels from lack of food

(with the presence of food in GI track...insulin secretion which reduces appetite)



satiety - Answer feeling of fullness

-fat stimulates CCK which creates feeling of satiety



high levels of fat storage - Answer secretes leptin (supresses appetite)

-increase in NRG expedentures and metabolism



where are lipids and fat soluble vitamins stored? - Answer liver and in glycogen



hormones that control appetite and weight: insulin - Answer beta cell annorexin (supresses appetite)



hormones that control appetite and weight: leptin - Answer adiose tissue annorexin (supresses
appetite)

-released when high levels of fat storage



hormones that control appetite and weight: ghrelin - Answer high during fasting, stomach stimulant

-stimulates hypothalamus to increase appetite

,"hunger" hormone



hormones that control appetite and weight: peptide YY - Answer intestine stimulant, supresses
appetite

"satiety" hormone



Amylin - Answer pancreatic beta cells, suppresses appetite



serotonin - Answer appetite suppresant



cocaine - Answer appetite suppresant



causes of altered nutrition - Answer genetic defects

ineffective intestinal mucosa

d/v/laxative use

unsafe foods/water

hypermetabolic states



common symptoms for nausea - Answer hypersalivation and tachycardia



retching and projectile vomiting (emesis) - Answer chemical trigger zone

retching: non-productive vomiting

projectile vomiting: not preceded by nausea or retching



constipation and causes - Answer infrequent/difficulty to defecate

-caused by neurogenic disorders, low-residue diet, sedentary lifestyle, excessive use of antacids, opioids,
hypothyroidism, gastric paresis (decreased gastric emptying)

-4 types: normal transit, slow transit, pelvic floor disfunction, secondary constipation

,normal defecation patterns - Answer 2-3x per day to 1x per week



normal transit (functional) constipation - Answer normal rate of stool passage but difficulty with stool
evacuation

-from low-residue diet, low-fluid diet, sedentary lifestyle



slow-transit constipation - Answer impaired colonic activity wth infrequent bowel mvmts

-straining, abdominal distention, palpable stool



pelvic floor disfunction: constipation - Answer failure of pelvic floor muscles or anal sphincter to relax
during defecation



secondary constipation - Answer caused by neurogenic disorder, diet, meds



clinical manifestions for constipation - Answer straining, lumpy/hard stool, sensation of incomplete
emptying at least 25% of time

2 of the following f

-or less than 3 bowel mvmts per week



fecal impaction (obstipation) - Answer hard, dry stool retained in the rectum



valsalva maneuver - Answer sometimes used if pt has constipation

-increase in abdominal pressure, reduces venous return and CO, bradycardia, transient decrease in BP
(can be fatal for some pts with comorbidities - esp pts with heart diseases)



problems related to constipation - Answer nutrition, GI pain, diverticulitis, fecal impaction, colonic
perforation



diarrhea: small and large volumes - Answer !! need good Hx and inspection of abdomen and stool

increase in volume, fluidity, weight of feces

, -sm volume: vol of feces not increased, excessive intestinal mobility

-large volume: due to excessive amounts of water and secretions in the feces



3 types of diarrhea - Answer 1. osmotic: non-absorbable substances draws excess water into intestine
(large volume diarrhea)

2. secretory: excess mucosal secretions (large volume) - bacterial problem!!

3. motility: increase in motility leaves less transit time for fluid reabsorption



what can diarrhea cause? - Answer f/e imbalance

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (hyper/hyponatremia), metabolic acidosis, weight loss



tx for diarrhea - Answer -fecal transplantation (collect healthy feces and place it into pt to introduce
healthy bacteria into intestinal tract)

-restore f/e imbalance

-antimotility/water reabsorption meds

-c.diff related = probiotics

-mild diarrhea: natural bran, psyllium (fiber)



systemic manifestations of diarrhea: acute bacterial or viral infection - Answer fever, with ot without
vomiting and cramping



systemic manifestations of diarrhea: IBS - Answer fever, cramping, bloody stools



systemic manifestations of diarrhea: malabsorption syndromes - Answer steatorrhea (fat in the stools),
bloating, diarrhea



abdominal parietal (somatic) pain - Answer more localized and intense



abdominal visceral pain - Answer arises from a stimulus; difficult to localize (cramping, fullness)

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