Summary
Summary NSG 221 Exam 2 Study Guide
- Course
- NSG 221
- Institution
- Herzing University
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Mental Health Exam IIStudy Guide
Grief and Loss
Mourning rituals
Mourning is the outward expression of grief
Rituals of mourning include having a wake, sitting shiva, holding
religious ceremonies, and arranging funerals
Areas of loss after death of loved one
Physiologic Loss- Amputation of a limb, a mastectomy or
hysterectomy, or loss of mobility
Safety Loss - Loss of a safe environment is evident in domestic
violence, child abuse, or public violence
- A person’s home should be a safe haven with trust that family
members will provide protection, not harm or violence.
- Some public institutions, such as schools and churches, are often
associated with safety as well
- That feeling of safety is shattered when violence occurs on campus
or in a holy place.)
Loss of security and a Sense of Belonging- The loss of a loved one
affects the need to love and the feeling of being loved
Loss accompanies changes in relationships- Birth, marriage,
divorce, illness, and death
- As the meaning of a relationship changes, a person may lose roles
within a family or group.
Loss of Self-Esteem- Any change in how a person is valued at work
or in relationships or by him or herself can threaten self-esteem
- It may be an actual change or the person’s perception of a change
in value
- Death of a loved one, a broken relationship, loss of a job, and
retirement are examples of change that represent loss and can
result in a threat to self-esteem
Loss related to Self-Actualization- An external or internal crisis that
blocks or inhibits striving toward fulfillment may threaten personal
goals and individual potential
- A person who wanted to go to college, write books, and teach at a
university reaches a point in life when it becomes evident that those
plans will never materialize, or a person loses hope that he or she
will find a mate and have children
- These are losses that the person will grieve
,Stages of Grief Kubler Ross
Denial- Shock and disbelief regarding the loss
Anger- May be expressed toward God, relatives, friends, or health care
providers
Bargaining- Occurs when the person asks God or fate for more time
to delay the inevitable loss
Depression- Results when awareness of the loss becomes acute
Acceptance- Occurs when the person shows evidence of coming to
terms with death
- This model became a prototype for care providers as they looked for
ways to understand and assist their clients in the grieving process
Engel stages of loss
Shock and disbelief- The initial reaction to a loss is a stunned numb
feeling accompanied by refusal to acknowledge the reality of the loss
in an attempt to protect the self against overwhelming stress
Developing awareness- As the individual begins to acknowledge the
loss, there may be crying, feeling of helplessness, frustration, despair,
and anger that can be directed at self or others
Restitution- Participation in the ritual associated with death, such as a
funeral, wake, family gathering, or religious ceremonies that help the
individual accept the reality of the loss and begin the recovery process
Resolution of loss- The individual is preoccupied with the loss, the
lost person or object is idealized, and the mourner may even imitate
the lost person
- Eventually, the preoccupation decreases, usually in a year or
perhaps more
Recovery- The previous preoccupation and obsession ends, and the
individual is able to go on with life in a way that encompasses the loss
Cultural considerations after death
African American- Typically, the deceased is viewed in church before
being buried in a cemetery
- Mourning may also be expressed through public prayer, black
clothing, and decreased social activities
- The mourning period may last a few weeks to several years.
Muslim American- Islam does not permit cremation
- It is important to follow the five steps of the burial procedure, which
specify washing, dressing, and positioning of the body
- The first step is traditional washing of the body by a Muslim of the
same gender
Haitian Americans- Some Haitian Americans practice vodun
(voodoo), also called “root medicine”
, - Derived from Roman Catholic ritual and cultural practices of western
African, vodun is the practice of calling on a group of spirits with
whom one periodically makes peace during specific events in life
- The death of a loved one may be such a time
- This practice can be found often throughout the American South
and in some communities within New York City
Chinese American- The largest Asian population in the United States,
the Chinese have strict norms for announcing death, preparing the
body, arranging the funeral and burial, and mourning after burial
- Burning incense and reading scripture are ways to assist the spirit of
the deceased in the afterlife journey
- If the deceased and his or her family are Buddhists, meditating
before a shrine in the room is important
- For 1 year after death, the family may place bowls of food on a table
for the spirit
Native American- A tribe’s medicine man or priestly healer, who
assists the friends and family of the deceased to regain their spiritual
equilibrium, is an essential spiritual guide
- Ceremonies of baptism for the spirit of the deceased seem to help
ward off depression of the bereaved
- To designate the end of mourning, a ceremony at the burial grounds
is held during which the grave is covered with a blanket or cloth for
making clothes
- Later, the cloth is given to a tribe member
- A dinner featuring singing, speech-making, and contributing money
completes the ceremony
Hispanic Americans- They may pray for the soul of the deceased
during a novena (9-day devotion) and a rosary (devotional prayer)
- They manifest luto (mourning) by wearing black or black and white
while behaving in a subdued manner
- Respect for the decease may include not watching TV, going to the
movies, listening to the radio, or attending dances or other social
events for some time
- Friend and relatives bring flowers and crosses to decorate the
grave.
Vietnamese Americans- Predominately Buddhists, who bathe the
deceased and dress him or her in black clothes
- They may put a few grains of rice in the mouth and place money
with the deceased so that he or she can buy a drink as the spirit
moves on in the afterlife
- The body may be displayed for viewing in the home before burial
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