EXSS 175 Integumentary System Exam with Complete Solutions Graded A+

EXSS 175 Integumentary System Exam with Complete Solutions Graded A+ Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin - Answer--Skin can develop more than 1000 different ailments -Most commonly result from allergies or bacterial, viral, fungal infections -Less common, but far more damaging are burns and skin cancer Dermis Blood Supply - Answer--Abundantly supplied with blood vessels -> regulate body temperature -Restriction blood supply to skin -> cell death and severe ulcers -"Decubitus Ulcers" occurs in bedridden patients due to lack of movement (Constant compression) Contusions - Answer--Sites where blood has escaped from circulatory system and clotted in tissue spaces (black and blue marks, hematoma or bruise) -Unusual tendency to bruise may signify Vitamin C deficient diet or blood clotting disorder Cyanosis - Answer--Hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated -"Blue-Skin" - lack oxygen -Both blood and skin appear blood, may only be noticeable in nail beds and mucous membranes in individuals with dark skin coloration Erythema - Answer--Increase blood flow to skin (may indicated embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy -Red skin Burns - Answer--Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals -Can cause: accelerated or impaired metabolism, cardiovascular system failure, most serious threat to skin, circulatory shock may occur because decrease blood flow due to decrease BP) First Degree Burns - Answer--Damage: only epidermis -Severity: mild, partial thickness -Symptoms: temporary discomfort, swollen and red for 2-3 days, will easily heal Second Degree Burns - Answer--Damage: injury to epidermis, possibly upper region of dermis -Severity: moderate, partial thickness -Symptoms: skin is red and painful, blistering (usually no permanent scares if care taken to prevent infection) Third Degree Burns - Answer--Damage: destroys entire thickness of the skin -Severity: extreme, full thickness -Symptoms: appears blackened, not terribly painful at first (nerve endings destroyed), regeneration is not possible, skin grafting most occur Burns Considered Critical - Answer--2nd Degree burns over 25% of body -3rd Degree burns over 10% of body -3rd Degree burns to hands, face, or feet (facial burns are considered dangerous because respiratory pathways can cause suffocation) Skin Cancer - Answer--Most skin tumors are benign (don't spread to other areas) -Most common type of cancer in humans -3 Types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma Basal Cell Carcinoma - Answer--Most common type (78%, most common on face) -Typically do not metastasize (spread) -Cause: increase sun expose -Affects the cells of stratum basale (germinativum)- unable to form keratin, no longer a good boundary between epidermis and dermis Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Answer--2nd most common (20%) -Affects cells of stratum basale (not those in direct contact with basement membrane) -Cause: chronic sun expose, poorly treated burns, long standing sores, radiation expose -Lesions appear as a scaly, reddened papule (gradually forms a shallow ulcer within a firm raised border) -Metastize slowly and steadily and can invade neighboring tisssue Malignant Melanoma - Answer--Least common (2%), most dangerous (life-threatening cancer in young females) -Malignant tumor originating in melanocytes (metastasize rapidly to surround blood and lymph vessels) -Initially appear brown to black patches (overtime, no longer produce melanin, color turns pink, red or purple) ABCD Rule for Recognizing Melanoma's - Answer--A= Asymmetry - two sides of pigmented spot/mole do not match -B= Border Irregularity - not smooth lesion borders (indentations) -C= Color - pigmented spot contains different colored areas -D= Diameter - spot larger than 6mm in diameter or grows daily Seborrhea - Answer--Cradle Cap -Occurs in infants, due to overactivity of sebaceous glands -Begins: pink tone to scalp -> raised lesions (pimples) -> yellow to brown flakes -> oily dandruff -Careful washing to remove the excessive oil helps Infections and Allergies: Athletes Foot - Answer--Tinea Pedis -Itchy, red peeling condition of the skin between the toes -Fungus infection Infections and Allergies: Boils and Carbuncles - Answer--Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands -Common on dorsal neck -Carbuncles are composite boils typically caused by bacterial infection