MCB 408 Final Exam Questions Solved Correctly Latest Update 2025 Graded A+
Describe conditions and mechanisms associated with tolerogenic and inflammatory responses occurring
in barrier tissues including cell types and cytokines involved. - Answers Tolerogenic: Microorganisms
come into contact with tolerogenic DCs that release IL-10 and TGF-B and activate IgA releasing B cells, IL-
10 and TGF-B dampen the pro inflammatory responses
Proinflammatory response: microorganisms activate a DC either through the surface of the epithelial
cells or a n M cell engulfs the microorganism giving it access to the DC. The active DC recruits and
activates TH1, TH17, and CD4+T cells (innate lymphoid cells) that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines
including IFN-y, IFN-a, and IL-17 that also recruit granulocytes
Name and describe the basic functions of cells involved in lung immunology. - Answers club cells, goblet
cells, M cell
Describe differences between type 1 and type 2 inflammatory responses in the lung. - Answers Type 1:
robust and cell mediated, infected by viruses, bacteria, and fungi, that attach to TLRs on DC which either
activate NF-kB or NLRs that activate caspases then they activate IL-17, IL-23, and IL-1B which activate
Cytotoxic T cells, TH1, and TH17 ad take further steps that result in amps cytokines recruiting
granulocytes, NK cells, or macrophages that will kill infected cells or clear the pathogen
Type 2: caused by worms and allergens through cell damage, recruits Il-25, IL-33, TSLP and use TH2, and
TH9 that either will induce mucus production or will kill the worm/recruit effector cells
Describe how the type of infectious agent and its route of entry influences the immune response. -
Answers
Describe the basic attributes of a virus and plausible effector responses the immune system uses to
counter a virus. - Answers TLRs - activate inflammasome
NLRs- secrete cytokines
RLRs- CTL and NK cell activity
CTLs activated by TH1-lisenced DC are the primary method of killing a virus
Understand how evolution has shaped long-standing relationships between hosts and pathogens and
how it can shape the response in an individual. - Answers pathogens evolve ways to evade the immune
system
,Describe several ways in which a virus can evade the immune system. - Answers - viruses have time and
numbers on their side
- evade IFN-a/B by inhibiting PKR (stops viral synthesis)
- Inhibit antigen presentation by inhibiting TAP on MHC 2
-attacks immune cells (immunosuppression) by reducing number of cells we have and shuts off
inflammatory response by expressing an inhibitory cytokine
- constantly changes surface antigens so it stays undetectable
Describe some of the causes and challenges associated with emerging and reemerging infectious
disease. - Answers - combinations of disease
- improper antibiotic use confers antibiotic resistance
- changes in virulence factors
- environmental and geographic changes
- zoonotic pathogens
-laxity in vaccination
Describe different types of vaccines and their advantages and disadvantages. - Answers vaccines provide
active immunity
- they should be safe, effective, and achievable delivery in desired population
IL-10 and TGF-B - Answers Suppress immune responses , inhibit anti tumor response, tolerogenic, anti-
inflammatory
IL-17 - Answers combats extracellular pathogens in barrier tissue, autoimmunity tissue inflammation,
pro-inflammatory
type 1 lung response
IFN-a IFN-y - Answers combats intracellular pathogens, activates macrophages, tissue inflammation
T reg, TH1, TH17 - Answers TReg recruits IL-10 and TGF-B : anti-inflammatory
TH17 recruits IL-17 : pro-inflammatory
TH1 recruits IFN-y and TNF: pro-inflammatory
ILCs - Answers innate lymphoid cells aka NK cells
, - no memory or specificity
- kill *tumors*
- kill viral infected cells
two mechanisms
- MHCI receptor
- *ADCC*
Club Cell - Answers Respiratory tract-specific epithelial cell that secretes protective molecules
Goblet Cell - Answers epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins; implicated in delivery of
tolerogenic antigens to CD103+ DC
M cell - Answers epithelial cells that play a special role in antigen uptake
Type 1 inflammatory response - Answers Intracellular pathogens inducing cell-mediated immunity (most
viruses, some bacteria & fungi)
ex: NK cells recognize and kill infected cells displaying influenza hamagglutinin
Type 2 inflammatory response - Answers pathogens inducing humoral immunity particularly
extracellular parasites (worms) using Phils and mast cells
Virulence - Answers is a pathogens ability to infect or damage a host cell
Infectious Dose - Answers amount of an infectious agent necessary to make a person sick
Antigenic Drift - Answers A process by which point mutations in influenza virus genes cause differences
in the structure of viral surface antigens. This causes year-to-year antigenic differences in strains of
influenza virus.
slow accumulation of mutations in surface antigens
Antigenic Shift - Answers the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two
or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of
the two or more original strains.
Describe conditions and mechanisms associated with tolerogenic and inflammatory responses occurring
in barrier tissues including cell types and cytokines involved. - Answers Tolerogenic: Microorganisms
come into contact with tolerogenic DCs that release IL-10 and TGF-B and activate IgA releasing B cells, IL-
10 and TGF-B dampen the pro inflammatory responses
Proinflammatory response: microorganisms activate a DC either through the surface of the epithelial
cells or a n M cell engulfs the microorganism giving it access to the DC. The active DC recruits and
activates TH1, TH17, and CD4+T cells (innate lymphoid cells) that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines
including IFN-y, IFN-a, and IL-17 that also recruit granulocytes
Name and describe the basic functions of cells involved in lung immunology. - Answers club cells, goblet
cells, M cell
Describe differences between type 1 and type 2 inflammatory responses in the lung. - Answers Type 1:
robust and cell mediated, infected by viruses, bacteria, and fungi, that attach to TLRs on DC which either
activate NF-kB or NLRs that activate caspases then they activate IL-17, IL-23, and IL-1B which activate
Cytotoxic T cells, TH1, and TH17 ad take further steps that result in amps cytokines recruiting
granulocytes, NK cells, or macrophages that will kill infected cells or clear the pathogen
Type 2: caused by worms and allergens through cell damage, recruits Il-25, IL-33, TSLP and use TH2, and
TH9 that either will induce mucus production or will kill the worm/recruit effector cells
Describe how the type of infectious agent and its route of entry influences the immune response. -
Answers
Describe the basic attributes of a virus and plausible effector responses the immune system uses to
counter a virus. - Answers TLRs - activate inflammasome
NLRs- secrete cytokines
RLRs- CTL and NK cell activity
CTLs activated by TH1-lisenced DC are the primary method of killing a virus
Understand how evolution has shaped long-standing relationships between hosts and pathogens and
how it can shape the response in an individual. - Answers pathogens evolve ways to evade the immune
system
,Describe several ways in which a virus can evade the immune system. - Answers - viruses have time and
numbers on their side
- evade IFN-a/B by inhibiting PKR (stops viral synthesis)
- Inhibit antigen presentation by inhibiting TAP on MHC 2
-attacks immune cells (immunosuppression) by reducing number of cells we have and shuts off
inflammatory response by expressing an inhibitory cytokine
- constantly changes surface antigens so it stays undetectable
Describe some of the causes and challenges associated with emerging and reemerging infectious
disease. - Answers - combinations of disease
- improper antibiotic use confers antibiotic resistance
- changes in virulence factors
- environmental and geographic changes
- zoonotic pathogens
-laxity in vaccination
Describe different types of vaccines and their advantages and disadvantages. - Answers vaccines provide
active immunity
- they should be safe, effective, and achievable delivery in desired population
IL-10 and TGF-B - Answers Suppress immune responses , inhibit anti tumor response, tolerogenic, anti-
inflammatory
IL-17 - Answers combats extracellular pathogens in barrier tissue, autoimmunity tissue inflammation,
pro-inflammatory
type 1 lung response
IFN-a IFN-y - Answers combats intracellular pathogens, activates macrophages, tissue inflammation
T reg, TH1, TH17 - Answers TReg recruits IL-10 and TGF-B : anti-inflammatory
TH17 recruits IL-17 : pro-inflammatory
TH1 recruits IFN-y and TNF: pro-inflammatory
ILCs - Answers innate lymphoid cells aka NK cells
, - no memory or specificity
- kill *tumors*
- kill viral infected cells
two mechanisms
- MHCI receptor
- *ADCC*
Club Cell - Answers Respiratory tract-specific epithelial cell that secretes protective molecules
Goblet Cell - Answers epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins; implicated in delivery of
tolerogenic antigens to CD103+ DC
M cell - Answers epithelial cells that play a special role in antigen uptake
Type 1 inflammatory response - Answers Intracellular pathogens inducing cell-mediated immunity (most
viruses, some bacteria & fungi)
ex: NK cells recognize and kill infected cells displaying influenza hamagglutinin
Type 2 inflammatory response - Answers pathogens inducing humoral immunity particularly
extracellular parasites (worms) using Phils and mast cells
Virulence - Answers is a pathogens ability to infect or damage a host cell
Infectious Dose - Answers amount of an infectious agent necessary to make a person sick
Antigenic Drift - Answers A process by which point mutations in influenza virus genes cause differences
in the structure of viral surface antigens. This causes year-to-year antigenic differences in strains of
influenza virus.
slow accumulation of mutations in surface antigens
Antigenic Shift - Answers the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two
or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of
the two or more original strains.
