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HPNU 3060 - Human Physiology Test Review Questions Fully Solved.
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Local communication types - Answer gap junction - connection between adjacent cells which allows for chemical and electrical communication contact dependent - cells have to touch for a ligand to go to a receptor on the second cell autocrine - signal is released from a cell and acts on its ...

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  • February 25, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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HPNU 3060 - Human Physiology Test
Review Questions Fully Solved.
Local communication types - Answer gap junction - connection between adjacent cells which allows for
chemical and electrical communication



contact dependent - cells have to touch for a ligand to go to a receptor on the second cell



autocrine - signal is released from a cell and acts on its own receptor



paracrine - signal is released from a cell and acts on the adjacent cell and binds to a receptor



Long distance communications types - Answer Endocrine system - slower than nervous, longer period
of time; endocrine cell secretes hormone that is released into the blood stream; hormone binds with a
target cell that has a receptor and initiates response; sensor and integrating center are the same cell



Nervous system - faster than endocrine, shorter time period; electrical signal goes from neuron straight
to target cell and initiates a respone



Neurohormones - mix of both; electrical signal is fast going through axon and releases chemicals into the
blood stream that move slowly to target cell with receptor



Basic signal transduction - Answer 1. signal molecule (ligand) is produced

2. ligand is released into body (1st messenger)

3. combine w/ receptor, activation of target cell

4. intracellular signal occurs (secondary messenger)

5. target proteins

6. response

, Lipophilic vs. lipophobic - Answer lipophilic - ligand diffuses through cell membrane and attaches to
receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus; slower response related to gene activity



lipophobic - ligand binds to receptor on cell membrane wall; rapid response



signal amplification - Answer signals are "expensive" and are hard for the body to make so the body
amplifies the signal until it reaches its destination



simple pathway vs. complex pathway - Answer simple = faster

complex = slower



up regulation - Answer is example of exocytosis; cell creates more receptors to be more responsive



down regulation - Answer is example of endocytosis; cell brings receptors back in to become less
responsive; know example of drug overdose



sympathetic - Answer fight or flight; increases HR



parasympathetic - Answer rest or digest; decreases HR



integrating center - Answer determines if signal meets threshold to make output signal



tyrosine - Answer single tyrosine gives rise to catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine;
behave like peptide hormones



two tyrosine molecules give rise to thyroid hormones; behave like steroid hormones



peptide hormones and catecholamines - Answer - made in advance; stored in secretory vesicles

- released by exocytosis

- dissolved in plasma

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