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Patho Final Exam Study Guide Question and answers correctly solved
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Patho Final Exam Study Guide Question and answers correctly solved
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Final Exam Study Guide1. Define Preload
Preload is related to ventricular filling just prior to contraction of left
ventricular end- diastolic volume (LVEDV).
2. Modifiable risk factors for hypertension
• Dietary-Salt intake
• Weight-obesity
• ETHO
• Smoking
• Physical inactivity
• Control DM
3. Which cells are involved with inflammation?
Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells
4. What is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
Innate Immunity
5. What causes edema in the inflammatory process?
Mast cell release mediators like eosinophil chemotactic factor upon
degranulation, contributing to inflammation – Eosinophil chemotaxis.
6. Active versus passive immunity
Active Immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers
the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Active
immunity can be acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced
immunity.
o Natural immunity is acquired from exposure to the disease
organism through infection with the actual disease.
o Vaccine-induced immunity is acquired through the introduction
of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through
vaccination.
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a
disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune
system.
o A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother
through the placenta.
1
,7. Most abundant immunoglobulin
2
, Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
8. Define carcinoma
Malignancy that begins in the epithelial tissue /lining of an organ.
9. Pathology of Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes brain
atrophy and presents with a decline in memory, cognition, and social skills.
Pathologic features are neuritic plaques, extracellular deposits of amyloid peptides, and
neurofibrillary tangles.
10.Patho + Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that leads to demyelination of
the nerves in the CNS
• Constitutional symptoms:
o Fatigue
o Headaches
• Sensory disturbances:
o Dysesthesia (altered, unpleasant, and/or painful sensation to touch)
o Hypoesthesia (complete or partial loss of sensation)
o Loss or impaired vibrationsense
o Neuralgia (burning, stabbing pain)
o Lhermitte’s sign: a feeling of sudden electrical impulses shooting
through the spine and extremities, which are typically elicited by
neck flexion
• Motor abnormalities:
o Muscle weakness
o Spasticity
o Hyperreflexia
o Disrupted fine motor skills
o Positive Babinski sign (big toe extends up and smaller toes fan out)
o Absent abdominal reflex (absence of abdominal muscle
contraction upon anterior abdominal wall stimulation)
• Ocular abnormalities:
o Optic or retrobulbar neuritis (common early manifestation):
▪ Often unilateral
▪ May present with visionimpairment, color blindness, and pain
with eye movements
▪ Marcus Gunn pupilmay be seen: pupil does not react
appropriately to light as it should; a type of relative afferent
3
, pupildefect
4
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