Exam (elaborations)
MCB 2210 exam
- Course
- MCB 2210
- Institution
- University Of Connecticut
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INTRODUCTION·
EUKARYOTES eX) unicellular protist, multicellular ·
PROKARYOTES ex) bacteria ·
PROPOSED EVOLUTION OF PROKARYOTES
↳ nucleus & extensive can'tuot O2 , eat to (
internal membrane ↳ lack nucleus & internal membrane
-
T
derive energy
↳ linear DNA >2 diff chromosomes -
> I chromosome circular DNA
, ,
↓ Ismall cell)
-
use O2 to help with
↳ plants & algae : chloroplast& cell wall metabolism
key difference : elaboration of internal membrane
-
·
CENTRAL DOGMA
>
-
E
DNA
↓
pre-mRNA
transcription enucers ·
PROTIST/GENERALIST : SINGLE-CELLED EU
↓
MRNA
↳ do everything to live by themselves
specialized cell of multi-cellular o
d
4
whose is greater
translation protein & ribosome (cutosol)
↳ Multicellular development allowed
· MODERN CELL THEORY ·
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGY :
SINGLE CE
↳ all cals come from pre-existing culls by division ↳ sperm
+egg = zygote
4 all cells same in chemical composition (lipids ,
nucleic acids ,
carbs, sugars , proteins - zygote undergoes cell divisions (p
↳ all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells ↳ cell-cell signalinga differential
↳ coordinated proliferation , specifi
· DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION
& TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
-
binds to specific DNA to turn onloff to recruit NNA polymerase for transcription
DNAt histone
② EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (chromatin modification]
↳ behavior/environment change who changing ONA sea ,
regulate transcription
↳
epigenetic change
=
reversible
↳ gene "on"
↳
gene "off"
-
active (opens chromatin -
condensed aromation
-
acctulated histones -
deacetylated histones
-
unmethylated cytosines -
methylated outo sing
SAME GENE
·
DIFF BEHAVIOR DEPENDING ENVIRONMENT
advesive interaction triggered
,
↳ suspended cell :
protein randomly distributed A signal transduction
↳ cell on surface : protein stick to substrate > -
conformational change => turn on new gene
·
DNA SEQ COMPARISONS :
best resolution for evolutionary relationship
, SOLUTIONS TO RESOLUTION OF LIGHT MICR
METHODS IN CELL BIO a
-
·
MICROSCOPY ② LASER-SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCO
D LIGHT MICROSCODY ↳ use pinhole to deblur images
I
↳ limited to resolution & magnification ,
poor contrast
reject emission from
out of focus light generate op
,
↳ tech for enhancing contrast out of focal planes 4 conventional vs confocal micros
toxic to cell > not
-
for living cell (X in Vivo)
-
poor contrast
A
limitation =
J
to
[
point you want to focus on
works for microscopy
living cals *
using special filter > better contrast
-
=
modulating phase of light : more useful for studying living cells
·
MAGNIFICATION ⑤ PALM (PROTOACTIVATED LOCALIZATIO
↓
↑ image size but
↳ empty magnification > no additional detail photo activation turning on fluorescence si
-
↳ fuorescent tech to visualize ob
·
RESOLUTION ↳ lasers to switch subset of p
↳ ability to distinguish 2 objects from each other as separate entities ↳ repeat, 200 m spot of fluor
↑ lens' quality ↑ N A
↳ dependent on properties of light & independent of magnification
. .
,
↑ repeated
>
↳ affected by X of light (↓X , better resolution) & properties of lenses (N A ) .
.
↳ resolution limit : how far apart 2 object have to be seen as
2 separate objects &
&
-
200 m now small something can appear ↓ 1 molecule
assume I spot =
↑
caused by interaction of light
wel object
↓X smaller airy dick,
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
=
·
reduce overlapping
=> better resolution - not for living samples
↳
↳ ↓X 10 004nm) , .
a resolution than light
↳ immuno-electron microscopy : to
soum microtubule >
-
200 nm in image ( vi
↳ resolution limit everything at least zoonm
& TEM (TRANSMISSION e- MICROSCOPE
:
↳ image e-that pass through th
↳ actual resolution = 0 1-2
.
nm
resolution we good lens =
0 002 u
.
② EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY 1 .
fix tissue
↳ use fluorescent labels , good contrast & allow specific calular structures to be labeled 2 .
dehydrate w/ alcohol & cut thin sli
> fuorescence :
-
molecule absorb IX light => reemits at longer X 3 . Stain wh Uranium) lead
↳ fuorophores (flyors) : fuorescent chemicals that stains cells to label structures
fuorescence
↳ IX/ energy light to compound in fuorescence ↓ x/ ↑ energy transition
>
-
↑ X/ ↓ energy
"red-shifted"
M/Menergy SEM LIGHT TEM
fuorescence transition from
-
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