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PHIL 347 (Critical Reasoning) Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans) 2025. $18.49
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PHIL 347 (Critical Reasoning) Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans) 2025.

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PHIL 347 (Critical Reasoning) Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans) 2025.PHIL 347 (Critical Reasoning) Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans) 2025.PHIL 347 (Critical Reasoning) Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans) 2025.

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  • March 7, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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PHIL 347

Critical Reasoning

Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans)

2025



1. Which of the following is the most effective strategy for
reducing cognitive biases in clinical decision-making?
- A. Relying on intuition
- B. Seeking second opinions
- C. Following protocols strictly
- D. Avoiding complex cases
- ANS: B. Seeking second opinions



©2025

, - Rationale: Seeking second opinions helps to mitigate
cognitive biases by introducing different perspectives and
reducing over-reliance on one's own judgment.


2. What is the primary characteristic of System 1 thinking in
clinical reasoning?
- A. Analytical and slow
- B. Intuitive and fast
- C. Evidence-based
- D. Collaborative
- ANS: B. Intuitive and fast
- Rationale: System 1 thinking is characterized by intuitive
and fast decision-making processes, often based on heuristics.


3. Which of the following best describes the concept of
'anchoring' in clinical reasoning?
- A. Adjusting decisions based on initial impressions
- B. Relying on evidence-based guidelines
- C. Collaborative decision-making
- D. Avoiding premature conclusions
- ANS: A. Adjusting decisions based on initial impressions


©2025

, - Rationale: Anchoring refers to the cognitive bias where
individuals rely too heavily on the initial piece of information
(anchor) when making decisions.


4. In critical reasoning, what is the significance of
'metacognition'?
- A. Ignoring external feedback
- B. Reflecting on one's own thought processes
- C. Following standard protocols
- D. Delegating decision-making
- ANS: B. Reflecting on one's own thought processes
- Rationale: Metacognition involves being aware of and
reflecting on one's own thinking processes, which enhances
critical reasoning and decision-making.


5. Which of the following strategies can help in minimizing
diagnostic errors in clinical practice?
- A. Ignoring rare conditions
- B. Regularly reviewing differential diagnoses
- C. Limiting patient interactions
- D. Relying solely on diagnostic tests
- ANS: B. Regularly reviewing differential diagnoses

©2025

, - Rationale: Regularly reviewing differential diagnoses
ensures a comprehensive evaluation and reduces the likelihood of
diagnostic errors.


Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
6. The process of questioning the validity of a clinical decision
and considering alternatives is known as __________.
- ANS: reflective practice
- Rationale: Reflective practice involves critically analyzing
and evaluating decisions to improve clinical reasoning and patient
care.


7. A cognitive bias where a clinician overemphasizes evidence
that supports their initial diagnosis and disregards conflicting
information is called __________.
- ANS: confirmation bias
- Rationale: Confirmation bias leads to selective gathering
and interpretation of information that confirms one's
preconceptions, potentially resulting in diagnostic errors.


8. In critical reasoning, the ability to evaluate the credibility and
relevance of information sources is known as __________.
- ANS: critical appraisal


©2025

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