Exam (elaborations)
D512 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Latest Update (2025)!!
- Course
- D512
- Institution
- Western Governors University
D512 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Latest Update (2025)!!
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Q&As2025
D512: Exam 2 Questions And
Answers Latest Update (2025)!!
Differential gene expression - Answer cells differentiate
irreversibly, cell types respond differently to same stimuli
RNA synthesis - Answer initiates at many sites, RNA
polymerase in higher abundance, RNA synthesis is faster (1000
b/s), less accuracy and more tolerated, complex pathways for
activation and deactivation
Control mechanisms - Answer RNA polymerase, TF (activators
and repressors), promoters, enhancers, chromatin condensation
(methylation = close, acetylation = open)
Eukaryotic RNA polymerase - Answer specializes into I, II, III
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, Q&As
2025
RNA Polymerase I - Answer most abundant, in nucleolus,
transcribes pre-rRNA which serve as ribosome components and
protein synthesis
RNA Polymerase II - Answer in nucleus, transcribes mRNA
(encodes protein), snRNA (RNA splicing), siRNA (chromatin-
mediated repression and translation control), miRNA (translation
control), initiates transcription at 5' cap
RNA Polymerase III - Answer in nucleus, least abundant,
transcribes tRNA (protein synthesis), 5S rRNA (ribosome
component, protein synthesis), snRNA U6 (RNA splicing), 7S RNA
(signal recognition particle for translocation of polypeptides into
the ER)
Bacterial RNA polymerase and yeast RNA polymerase II -
Answer similar in structure and function
Transcription Factor - Answer A protein involved in the
initiation and regulation of transcription
General TF - Answer required for transcription of all genes
such as participation in the preinitiation complex, assembles in
sequence, positions RNA Pol II at the transcription start site,
disassociate after transcription initiates, but can rebind to Pol II to
"restart" transcription
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Cockayne syndrome - Answer rare inherited disorder in which
people are sensitive to sunlight, have short stature, and have the
appearance of premature aging, UV makes individuals unable to
perform "transcription-coupled repair"
Specific TF - Answer Stimulate or inhibit the transcription of
specific genes, activators (turn on expression), repressors (turn
off expression), target for therapeutics
DNA binding domains - Answer AA sequences and protein
structure allows proteins to bind, ex) homeodomains, zinc-fingers
(cys and his), leucine zippers, held by H bonds (weaker than ionic)
Promoters - Answer DNA sequence that recruits transcription
machinery to initiate transcription at a specific location, ex) TATA
box, viral promoters, initiators
TATA box - Answer Consensus sequence recruits TBP (TATA
binding protein), Specific location 35 to 25 bases upstream of
transcription start site, Specific Transcription Initiation site, TFs
recruit pol II for transcription phosphorylated nascent RNA
Viral promoters - Answer DNA Viruses often have powerful
promoters that often utilize host cell enzymes to transcribe the
viral genes, ex) adenovirus, bacteriophage T7
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