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Samenvatting Ontwikkelingspsychologie II 2019/2020
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  • Course
  • Ontwikkelingspsychologie II
  • Institution
  • Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
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  • CU.Broek:ChildDev_p

Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Ontwikkelingspsychologie 2 van academiejaar 19/20. Hopelijk helpt dit je vooruit om het examen voor te bereiden. Veel succes ermee! Ik behaalde 12/20 voor dit vak. Door een gebrek aan tijd tijdens het open boek examen, kon ik de laatste vraag niet afwerken.

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  • No
  • H8, h10, h12, h13
  • June 20, 2020
  • 83
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

Subjects

  • ontwikkelingspsychologie
  • psychologie
  • schakelprogramma
  • levenslooppsychologie
  • vub

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  • Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
  • Psychologie
  • Ontwikkelingspsychologie II
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Ontwikkelingspsychologie II
Prof. Dr. Van den Broeck


Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Intelligentie.......................................................................................................................5

Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................5

Wat is intelligentie?............................................................................................................................5

Korte geschiedenis van het begrip ‘intelligentie’................................................................................6

Hedendaags intelligentie-onderzoek..................................................................................................8

Hoe intelligentie testen?................................................................................................................8

Structuur van analytische intelligentie.........................................................................................12

Wat zijn de gevolgen van intelligentieverschillen?.......................................................................18

Relatie met schoolse leren........................................................................................................18

Relatie met tewerkstelling en sociale klasse.............................................................................19

Relatie met gezondheid en mortaliteit.....................................................................................20

Andere gevolgen van intelligentieverschillen...........................................................................21

Voor- en nadelen van hoge intelligentie...................................................................................22

Biologische achtergronden van intelligentie (genen en brein).....................................................23

Evolutie en intelligentie............................................................................................................23

Erfelijkheid van intelligentie.....................................................................................................24

Omgevingsinvloeden op intelligentie.......................................................................................25

Genen – omgevingsinteracties..................................................................................................26

IQ-genen?.................................................................................................................................26

Intelligentie in het brein...........................................................................................................27

Kan intelligentie verbeterd worden?............................................................................................28

Beïnvloedbaarheid van intelligentie.........................................................................................28

Effecten van scholing................................................................................................................28

Maatschappelijke vraagstukken: gelijkheid..................................................................................29


1

, Waarom is IQ controversieel?..................................................................................................29

Sociale mobiliteit......................................................................................................................30

Hoofdstuk 2: Attachment.....................................................................................................................31

Hechtingstheorieën..........................................................................................................................31

Psychoanalytische benadering......................................................................................................31

Ethologische benadering..............................................................................................................32

Belangrijke figuren....................................................................................................................32

Uitgangspunten van attachment theorie van Bowlby...............................................................33

Fasen in de hechting volgens Bowlby.......................................................................................33

Scheidingsangst of separatieangst............................................................................................34

Veilige basis en veilige haven....................................................................................................35

Strange situation procedure (SSP) van Mary Ainsworth...........................................................35

Attachment Q-Sort (AQS)..........................................................................................................36

California Attachment Procedure (CAP)....................................................................................37

Stabiliteit van de hechting........................................................................................................38

Gevolgen van hechtingstype.....................................................................................................38

Culturele verschillen met betrekking tot hechtingstype...........................................................38

Factoren die hechting beïnvloeden..........................................................................................39

Relatie tussen hechting van ouders en kinderen......................................................................40

Multiple attachments...............................................................................................................41

Vaders en attachment..............................................................................................................42

Hechting en latere ontwikkeling...............................................................................................42

Factoren die hechting beïnvloeden van kinderen in kinderopvang..........................................42

Intergenerationele transmissie van hechting...........................................................................43

Hoe wordt de ouder-kind hechting overgedragen?..................................................................43

Rol van de moeder bij hechting................................................................................................44

Transmission gap......................................................................................................................44

Hechting: What is the “nature of love”?...........................................................................................46

2

, Inleiding........................................................................................................................................46

Situationele beïnvloedbaarheid van “natuurlijke” gehechtheid...................................................47

Exclusief heterosociaal contact sterker dan sociaal instinct?...................................................47

Snelheid en flexibiliteit van heterosociale gehechtheid...........................................................48

Hetero- en objectsociale voorkeur sterker dan sociale natuur?...............................................48

Contactconditionering los van versterkingscontingenties........................................................50

Contactconditionering, autosociale en homosociale gehechtheid...........................................50

Het “mere exposure” effect..........................................................................................................51

“Preferences need no inferences”................................................................................................53

Tactiel contact..............................................................................................................................54

Visuele geborgenheid...................................................................................................................57

De kernvraag van de “nature of love”..........................................................................................58

Hoofdstuk 3: Ontwikkeling van sekseverschillen en genderrollen........................................................60

Belangrijke begrippen.......................................................................................................................60

Genderstereotypering......................................................................................................................60

Genderstereotypering van kinderen door volwassenen...............................................................60

Ontwikkeling van genderstereotypering......................................................................................61

Relatie tussen genderstereotype en genderrol............................................................................62

Invloeden op genderstereotypering en aannemen van genderrol...............................................62

Genderidentiteit...............................................................................................................................63

De ontwikkeling van de genderconstantie....................................................................................63

Genderidentiteit op lagere schoolleeftijd.....................................................................................64

Genderintensifiëring tijdens de adolescentie...............................................................................64

Genderschematheorie......................................................................................................................65

Sekseverschillen...............................................................................................................................65

Sekseverschillen in vaardigheden.................................................................................................66

Sekseverschillen in persoonlijkheidstrekken................................................................................66

Sekseverschillen in agressie..........................................................................................................67

3

, Hoofdstuk 4: Morele ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................68

3 componenten van moraliteit.........................................................................................................68

Visies op morele ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................69

Biologische benadering.................................................................................................................69

Psychoanalytische en sociaal leertheoretische benadering..........................................................70

Disciplinering....................................................................................................................................70

Inductieve disciplinering...............................................................................................................70

Verschillen tussen kinderen......................................................................................................71

Modelleren...................................................................................................................................71

Straffen bij jonge kinderen...........................................................................................................71

Positieve disciplinering.................................................................................................................74

Morele ontwikkeling volgens Piaget.................................................................................................74

Morele ontwikkeling volgens Kohlberg............................................................................................76

Moreel redeneren en leeftijd.......................................................................................................78

Moreel redeneren en sekse..........................................................................................................79

Moreel redeneren over zorg.........................................................................................................79

Invloeden op morele oordelen.........................................................................................................80

Ethische zorg....................................................................................................................................80

Respect en helpen............................................................................................................................81

Huidige maatschappelijke context....................................................................................................83




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