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PSB 3340 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Pass Transduction - Answers translation of sensory information into a signal the brain can interpret Transducers - Answers specialized receptor cells for each sensory system; reside in "sensory receptor organs"; respond to only one type of stimu...

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  • March 12, 2025
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PSB 3340 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Pass

Transduction - Answers translation of sensory information into a signal the brain can interpret

Transducers - Answers specialized receptor cells for each sensory system; reside in "sensory receptor
organs"; respond to only one type of stimulus

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies - Answers Johannes Muller; receptors & neural channels for different
senses are independent and operate in their own way; specificity of function & anatomy

Labeled Line Concept - Answers each nerve input into the brain reports only one type of information

Mechanoreceptors - Answers respond to mechanical deformation; physical movement

Chemoreceptors - Answers respond to chemicals & molecules

Photoreceptors - Answers respond to photons of light

Thermoreceptors - Answers respond to changes in temperature

Electroreceptors - Answers respond to different density of electrical currents

bare nerve endings - Answers pain, heat, cold (skin) nerve ending

encapsulated nerve endings - Answers mechanoreceptor nerve ending

specialized cells - Answers olfactory, visual rods & cones, vestibular & auditory hair cells

receptor potential (generator potential) - Answers slow local depolarization within sensory receptors
that has a graded magnitude proportional to the stimulus strength

Action Potential (AP) - Answers triggered by generator potential; occurs in specialized cells that form
synapses with sensory receptors; frequency is proportional to generator potential amplitude (therefore,
stimulus intensity increases frequency)

receptor fields - Answers respond to a single neuron; the smaller the field, the more precise the
information of the localization of the stimulus sent to the brain

audition - Answers hearing; stimulus: sound waves produced by vibrations; range: 80-20,000 Hz; pure
tone: amplitude (loudness) & frequency (pitch)

heschel's gyrus - Answers portion of auditory cortex that processes music

amusia - Answers inability to discern tunes

auditory transduction pathway - Answers ear-> ear canal->tympanic membrane (ear drum)->middle ear
ossicles (bones)->vibrate drum->causes fluic in cochea to move->pulls ear hairs (cilia)->ion channels
open (K and Ca enter) causinng depolarization-> releases glutamate

, cochlear nerve - Answers auditory nerve made up of bipolar axons

binaural hearing - Answers disparities bewteen ears that help locate sound's point of origin

conduction deafness - Answers deafness from middle ear problem

sensorineural deafness - Answers deafness from loss of hair or nerve

central deafness - Answers deafness from cortex problems

vestibular system - Answers movement of head moves vestibular hair cells, which helps provide balance
& fluidity in your field of vision (cochlea, vestibular sacs: saccule & utricile),semicircular canals)

Gustation (taste) - Answers uses taste receptors in taste buds/ papillae (20-50 receptors per bud, 10,000
buds)

Olfaction (smell) - Answers uses olfactory receptors (40 million) in epithellium to sense volatile
substances in 15-300 molecular weight range

olfactory receptors - Answers have action potentials when oderants bind to due to influx of positive ions
(mainly Na)

Oderant Receptors - Answers 350 functional types; axons go to olfactory bulb (glomerulus & mitral cell)
@ the base of the brain

vision - Answers uses photoreceptors (cone & rods) to transduce photons of light (380nm-760 nm) into
action potentials in the brain

rods - Answers low intensity light; distibuted widely; high convergence of information helps increase the
probabilty of an AP in low light conditions

cones - Answers high intensity light; sensitive to different wavelengths (color vision & high acuity vision)

fovea - Answers area in back of eye where light reaches cones without passing through blood vessels or
tissue; contains ONLY cones & the most acute vision; little convergence = direct line of info

blind spot - Answers where blood vessels exit the eye; no photoreceptors

photopigments - Answers opsin and retinal molecules embedded within visual transduction membrane;
G-protein coupled (Gt)

opsin - Answers protein dye that forms complex with retinal (complex called Gt/ transducin)

light - Answers what breaks the opsin/retinal complex, closing Na channels, causing hyperpolarization
and decrease in the release of glutamate from photoreceptors?

graded response - Answers more of a stimulus increases the effects of the stimulus within the cell

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