Pharmacology 1000 Midterm Questions With
Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
Sulfonamides - Answer -Often combined with another antibiotic
-One of the first groups of antibiotics
-Bacteriostatic
-Prevent synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid
-Do not affect human cells only organism that synthesize their own folic acid
-Effective against both gram positive gram negative
-Treatment of urinary tract infections and upper respiratory tract infections
ADVERSE EFFECTS
-anemia,agranulocytosis,thrombocytopenia, hemolytic ,photosensitivity, dermatitis, Steven
johnson syndrome, epidermal necrolysis, vomit, nausea, diarrhea, headache crystalurria,
convulsions
Sulfonamides Nursing Implications - Answer Take with 2 000 to 3 000 mL of fluid per 24 hours.
Take oral doses with food.
Encourage patients to immediately report worsening abdominal cramps, stomach pain,
diarrhea, hematuria, severe or worsening rash, shortness of breath, and fever.
B-Lactam Antibiotics - Answer Pencillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
,-Inside the cell, they bind to penicillin-binding protein.
Once they are bound, normal cell wall synthesis is disrupted.
As a result, bacteria cells die from cell lysis.
Penicillins do not kill other cells in the body.
Pencillin Indications - Answer Prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria like
gram positive
pencillin contraindications - Answer Usually safe and well-tolerated medications
Contraindications
- Known medication allergy
- Type of reaction that occurs in patients who state they are allergic to penicillins
- Not all names end in "cillin" (e.g., Clavulin®).
-Many medication errors have occurred when a penicillin drug called by its trade name is given
to a patient with a penicillin allergy.
pencillin adverse effects - Answer -Allergic reactions to the penicillins occur in 0.7% to 4% of
treatment courses.
-Urticaria, pruritus, angioedema
-Patients allergic to penicillins have an increased risk of allergy to other ß-lactam antibiotics.
-Only patients with a history of throat swelling or hives from penicillin should not receive
cephalosporins.
,Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Oral contraceptives
warfarin
Others
Pencillin nursing implications - Answer Take oral doses with water (not juices) because acidic
fluids may nullify the drug's antibacterial action.
Monitor patients taking penicillin for an allergic reaction for at least 30 minutes after
administration.
Cephalosporins - Answer -Structurally and functionally similar to penicillins
-Broad-spectrum antibiotics that can be used by most patients that are allergic to penicillin
-bactericidal
cephalosporins first generation - Answer -Good gram-positive coverage
-Poor gram-negative coverage
-Parenteral and oral forms
Example cephalexin (Keflex®) cefazolin
-Used for surgical prophylaxis and for susceptible staphylococcal infections
cefazolin: intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM)
cephalexin (Keflex): oral dosage
Cephalosporins second generation - Answer Good gram-positive coverage
, Less active against gram-positive bacteria
Cephalosporins: Fourth Generation - Answer Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than
third generation, especially against gram-positive bacteria
Uncomplicated and complicated UTI
cefepime (Maxipime)
Cephalosporins: Adverse Effects - Answer Similar to penicillins
Mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritus, redness, edema
Potential cross-sensitivity with penicillins if allergies exist
Cephalosporins Nursing Implications - Answer Assess for penicillin allergy; patient may have
cross-allergy.
Give orally administered forms with food to decrease GI upset even though this will delay
absorption.
Some of these drugs may cause a disulfiram (acute alcohol intolerance) reaction when taken
with alcohol.
Carbapenems - Answer -Broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date
-Reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections in acutely ill hospitalized
patients
-Must be infused over 60 minutes
-May cause drug-induced seizure activity This risk can be reduced with proper dosage.
Monobactams - Answer aztreonam (Cayston®)
Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
Sulfonamides - Answer -Often combined with another antibiotic
-One of the first groups of antibiotics
-Bacteriostatic
-Prevent synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid
-Do not affect human cells only organism that synthesize their own folic acid
-Effective against both gram positive gram negative
-Treatment of urinary tract infections and upper respiratory tract infections
ADVERSE EFFECTS
-anemia,agranulocytosis,thrombocytopenia, hemolytic ,photosensitivity, dermatitis, Steven
johnson syndrome, epidermal necrolysis, vomit, nausea, diarrhea, headache crystalurria,
convulsions
Sulfonamides Nursing Implications - Answer Take with 2 000 to 3 000 mL of fluid per 24 hours.
Take oral doses with food.
Encourage patients to immediately report worsening abdominal cramps, stomach pain,
diarrhea, hematuria, severe or worsening rash, shortness of breath, and fever.
B-Lactam Antibiotics - Answer Pencillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
,-Inside the cell, they bind to penicillin-binding protein.
Once they are bound, normal cell wall synthesis is disrupted.
As a result, bacteria cells die from cell lysis.
Penicillins do not kill other cells in the body.
Pencillin Indications - Answer Prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria like
gram positive
pencillin contraindications - Answer Usually safe and well-tolerated medications
Contraindications
- Known medication allergy
- Type of reaction that occurs in patients who state they are allergic to penicillins
- Not all names end in "cillin" (e.g., Clavulin®).
-Many medication errors have occurred when a penicillin drug called by its trade name is given
to a patient with a penicillin allergy.
pencillin adverse effects - Answer -Allergic reactions to the penicillins occur in 0.7% to 4% of
treatment courses.
-Urticaria, pruritus, angioedema
-Patients allergic to penicillins have an increased risk of allergy to other ß-lactam antibiotics.
-Only patients with a history of throat swelling or hives from penicillin should not receive
cephalosporins.
,Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Oral contraceptives
warfarin
Others
Pencillin nursing implications - Answer Take oral doses with water (not juices) because acidic
fluids may nullify the drug's antibacterial action.
Monitor patients taking penicillin for an allergic reaction for at least 30 minutes after
administration.
Cephalosporins - Answer -Structurally and functionally similar to penicillins
-Broad-spectrum antibiotics that can be used by most patients that are allergic to penicillin
-bactericidal
cephalosporins first generation - Answer -Good gram-positive coverage
-Poor gram-negative coverage
-Parenteral and oral forms
Example cephalexin (Keflex®) cefazolin
-Used for surgical prophylaxis and for susceptible staphylococcal infections
cefazolin: intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM)
cephalexin (Keflex): oral dosage
Cephalosporins second generation - Answer Good gram-positive coverage
, Less active against gram-positive bacteria
Cephalosporins: Fourth Generation - Answer Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than
third generation, especially against gram-positive bacteria
Uncomplicated and complicated UTI
cefepime (Maxipime)
Cephalosporins: Adverse Effects - Answer Similar to penicillins
Mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritus, redness, edema
Potential cross-sensitivity with penicillins if allergies exist
Cephalosporins Nursing Implications - Answer Assess for penicillin allergy; patient may have
cross-allergy.
Give orally administered forms with food to decrease GI upset even though this will delay
absorption.
Some of these drugs may cause a disulfiram (acute alcohol intolerance) reaction when taken
with alcohol.
Carbapenems - Answer -Broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date
-Reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections in acutely ill hospitalized
patients
-Must be infused over 60 minutes
-May cause drug-induced seizure activity This risk can be reduced with proper dosage.
Monobactams - Answer aztreonam (Cayston®)
