Exam (elaborations)

NUR 631 Midterm Exam 2025

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Course
NUR 631

Institution
NUR 631

The PT time and INR measure what? - Correct Ans-extrinsic pathway The extrinsic pathway is initiated by - Correct Ans-tissue factor III Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene - Correct Ans-occurs at an earlier age Which leukemia demonstrates the Philedelphia chromosome? - C...

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Uploaded on March 19, 2025
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Institution NUR 631
Course NUR 631

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NUR 631 Final Exam

NUR 631 Midterm Exam 2025
The PT time and INR measure what? - Correct Ans-extrinsic pathway

The extrinsic pathway is initiated by - Correct Ans-tissue factor III

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene - Correct Ans-occurs at an
earlier age

Which leukemia demonstrates the Philedelphia chromosome? - Correct Ans-CML

Which leukemia has the best prognosis? - Correct Ans-ALL

What causes a hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia? - Correct Ans-TNF (tumor
necrosis factor)

What are proto-onocogenes? - Correct Ans-Normal cellular genes that promote growth

What is the major cause of death from leukemic disease? - Correct Ans-Infection

The primary source of erythropoietin is... - Correct Ans-The kidney

What is the largest cyctoplasmic organelle? - Correct Ans-Nucleus

Which organelle contains the DNA? - Correct Ans-Nucelus

Where is the nucleolus?****** - Correct Ans-In the nucleus

Where is RNA stored?******* - Correct Ans-Nucleolus

What is known as the GI tract of the cell and is coated with ribosomes? - Correct Ans-
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What do the ribosomes do? - Correct Ans-Make proteins

Which organlle is responsible for lipid metabolism?******

Abdundant in the muscle for calcium release - Correct Ans-Smooth ER

Which organelle stores calcium and detoxes alcohol from the cell? ****** - Correct Ans-
Smooth ER

Which organelle is responsible for folding proteins and has cisternae? - Correct Ans-
Golgi apparatus

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,NUR 631 Final Exam

Which organelle is the garbage collector and uses enzymes to digest cellular waste? -
Correct Ans-Lysosomes

What organelle is located in the cytoplasm and is responsible for ATP production? -
Correct Ans-Mitochondria

What are the functions of the plasma membrane? - Correct Ans-transport nutrients and
waste products, generate membrane potentials, recognition, communication and growth
regulation of cells

What composes the phospholipid bilayer? - Correct Ans-Hydrophobic head and
hydrophillic tail

What can pass the bilayer by simple diffusion? - Correct Ans-Gases, fat soluable
vitamins and water

what cant pass by simple diffusion? - Correct Ans-glucose, sucrose and ions (hydrogen,
sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium)

what must polar charged molecules use to cross the bilayer? - Correct Ans-carriers,
proteins or pumps

what is facilitated diffusion? - Correct Ans-diffusion (high concentration to low
concentration) but with transmembrane proteins

What is a GLUT protein transporter to transport glucose an example of? - Correct Ans-
Facilitated diffusion

Uses combined effects of concentration and electrical gradients - Correct Ans-
Electrochemical gradient

What kind of cellular receptor is the sodium potassium pump? - Correct Ans-Na K Pump

The three types of carrier proteins are - Correct Ans-Symporter, antiporter and uniporter

Moves molecules against concentration gradient using energy - Correct Ans-Primary
active transport

Uses primary active transport as a tool - Correct Ans-secondary active transport

resting membrane potential - Correct Ans--70mV

Action potential steps: - Correct Ans-1. resting potential
2. sodium rushes into cell (depolarization)
3. absolute refractory point is hit
4. potassium rushes out of cell to lower concentration (repolarization)

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,NUR 631 Final Exam

5. Na K pump pumps out 3 Na and 2 K to restore RMP

Cell signaling occurs through three methods: - Correct Ans-Gap junctions
Cell to cell (antigen presentation)
Ligand (vessicles)

Ligands can be one of three: - Correct Ans-Autocrine, paracrine, synaptic

intercellular channels that permit cell to cell transfer of ions and molecules - Correct
Ans-gap junctions

Gap junctions found often in which type of cells? - Correct Ans-cells where
synchronized functions occur: Cardiac cells, vascular tone and peristalsis

What do proteins do? - Correct Ans-made up of amino acids, execute most membrane
functions including transport and signal transduction

When does cell replication occur? - Correct Ans--Protein mitogens and growth hormone
regulated
-when factors are favorable

Stages of Mitosis (PMAT) - Correct Ans-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the end result of mitosis - Correct Ans-each daughter cell receives 46
chromosomes (23 pairs) (23 chromosomes from each parent

chromatin condenses into chromosomes in what phase - Correct Ans-prophase

in which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align 1/2 way between spindle poles? -
Correct Ans-metaphase

In which phase of mitosis do the centromeres divide? - Correct Ans-anaphase

In which phase of mitosis do the separated daughter cells arrive at spindle poles? -
Correct Ans-Telophase

Phase of mitosis where cells cleave off into new cells: - Correct Ans-Cytokinesis

What cells does meiosis occur in? - Correct Ans-Sex cells (gametes)

Which protein releases E2F transcription factors to begin cell division? - Correct Ans-Rb
protein

what triggers Rb to release E2F? - Correct Ans-Cyclins

How many genes are in the genome? - Correct Ans-20,000

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, NUR 631 Final Exam

What does DNA compose of? - Correct Ans-5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and 4
bases

What does G pair with? - Correct Ans-C

What does A pair with? - Correct Ans-T (or U in RNA)

What is a pneumonic to remember which bases pair? - Correct Ans-Together At the
Grand Canyon

DNA is wrapped around histones called? - Correct Ans-Chromatin

This protein binds new strands together forming complementary strands - Correct Ans-
DNA polymerase

This protein unzips the DNA strand from 5' to 3' - Correct Ans-Helicase

This protein lays down primers to code RNA strands: - Correct Ans-Primase

This protein glues together okazaki fragments on the RNA strand - Correct Ans-Ligase

This protein keeps DNA from coiling during transcription process - Correct Ans-
Topoisomerase

What is translation and where does it occur? - Correct Ans-the process in which
ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins, following transcription of DNA to RNA in
the cell's nucleus. It occurs in cytoplasm

What is transcription and where does it occur? - Correct Ans-the process by which the
information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA). It occurs in the nucleus where the DNA cells are located.

Cells shrink and reduce their differential functions in response to normal and injurious
factors***** - Correct Ans-Atrophy

causes of cell atrophy**** - Correct Ans-1. Disuse
2. Ischemia
3. Endocrine Dysfunction
4. Persistent cell injury
5. Aging

increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity***** - Correct
Ans-cell hypertrophy

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Exam (elaborations) ·

Exam (elaborations)

NUR 631 Midterm Exam 2025

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