Class notes

Class notes BSC 1010C Chapter 6

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Course
BSC 1010C

Institution
Valencia College

My document contains class notes for BSC 1010C Chapter 6, focusing on cell structure and function. It covers the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting their unique features and organelles. The notes describe the plasma membrane, its composition, and its role in regulati...

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Uploaded on March 25, 2025
Number of pages 6
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Ravenscoft
Contains All classes

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Chapter 6 Vocabulary
● Light Microscope (LM) - An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible
light to magnify images of specimens.
● Electron Microscope (EM) - A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron
beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution that is 100-fold greater
than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. A transmission electron
microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A
scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces.
● Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - A microscope that uses an electron beam to
scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.
● Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - A microscope that passes an electron
beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study
the internal structure of cells.
● Cell Fractionation - The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation
at successively higher speeds.
● Prokaryotic Cells-Differences and Commonality - The DNA is concentrated in a
region that is not membrane-enclosed called nucleoid. Appears much simpler in internal
structure. Include bacteria and archaea.
● Eukaryotic Cells-Differences and Commonality - Most of the DNA is in an organelle
called the nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane. Includes plants, animals,
fungi and protists cells.
● Cytosol - The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
● Nucleoid - A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its
chromosome is located.
● Cytoplasm - The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes,
the portion exclusive of the nucleus.
● Plasma Membrane - The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a
selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition.
● Surface Area to Volume Comparisons - As a cell increases in size, its volume grows
proportionately more than its surface area. Larger organisms do not generally have
larger cells.
○ Surface Area - [(height x width of 1 side) x6 sides x the number of cells]
○ Total Volume - [(height x width x length of 1 cell) x number of cells]
○ Surface area to volume ratio - [surface area / volume]

● Cells - Plant and animal cells have most of the same organelles: a nucleus, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Chloroplasts are present only in cells of
photosynthetic eukaryotes.
○ Animal Cells-Structure and Function
○ Plant Cells-Structure and Function
○ Prokaryotic Cell Structure
○ Eukaryotic Cell Structure

, ● Nucleus
○ (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.
○ (2) The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the
form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin.
○ (3) A cluster of neurons.
● Nuclear Envelope - In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the
nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer
membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
● Nuclear Lamina - A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the
nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
● Chromosomes - A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated
protein molecules. A duplicated chromosome has two DNA molecules. (In some
contexts, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone.) A
eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in the
nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular chromosome, which is found in the
nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.
● Chromatin - The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very
long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
● Nucleolus-structure function - (plural, nucleoli) A specialized structure in the nucleus,
consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with
ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal
subunit assembly. Seealso ribosome.
● Vesicle - A membrane-bound sac in or outside a cell.
● Ribosomes-structure function - A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that
functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small
subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus.
● Endomembrane System-structure function - The collection of membranes inside and
surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the
transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope,
the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles,
and vacuoles.
● ER - An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer
nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free
(smooth) regions.
● Smooth ER-structure function - Composed of ribosome-studded
● Rough ER-structure function - Composed of ribosome-free regions.
○ Function is to synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins.
● Glycoproteins - A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
● Transport Vesicles-structure function - A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's
cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

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