Exam (elaborations)
PH717 Exam 2 Review Questions With Answers
- Course
- Institution
PH717 Exam 2 Review Questions With Answers ...
[Show more]
Content preview
PH717 Exam 2 Review Questions With AnswersWhich of the following influence the dose of an environment contaminant that an
individual receives? (Select all that apply.) - ANSWER Intensity (or concentration),
Quantity, Frequen cy and duration of exposure, and The route of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion, or dermal absorption)
A threshold dose dose is: - ANSWER the same as the LOAEL
Which of the following is not an example of a biomarker? - ANSWER Receiving an annual
injection of influenza vaccine
The effectiveness of a drug in humans would most likely be assessed by estimating the
LD50 rather than the ED50. - ANSWER False
ED50 is the dosage that relieves 50% of patients. LD50 is the dosage that is lethal to 50%
of animals.
Carcinogens in general do not have a NOAEL. - ANSWER True
Fate - ANSWER refers to the chemical and physical degradation and transformation of
contaminants and their final destination in the environment
Transport - ANSWER refers to the movement of contaminants within or between
environmental media (water, air, food and soil)
Exposure route - ANSWER Refers to the the way that a chemical, biological, or physical
agent enters a person's body (e.g., ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption).
Exposure pathway - ANSWER The physical course an environmental agent takes from
its source to those who eventually receive it.
Induction - ANSWER The length of time between exposure and disease initiation
Latent period - ANSWER The length of time between disease initiation and the
appearance of the clinical manifestations
Critical period - ANSWER A particular time during the life span when an exposure has
adverse consequences
The applicability of toxicology studies using mice or rats may not accurately assess risk
in humans because animal studies often expose rodents to high doses of agents for
relatively short periods of time, whereas humans may be exposed to lower dose over
many years. - ANSWER TRUE
Subsets of the population that are more vulnerable are those that are more likely to be
exposed. In contrast, those who are more likely to suffer adverse effects of exposures
,are said to be more susceptible. - ANSWER True
Which of the following would be considered a potential health-related exposure?
a. Sleeping with someone who had active tuberculosis
b. A gene that increased a woman's risk of breast cancer
c. A state law that required motorcyclists to where helmets.
d. A prolonged heat wave
e. all of the above - ANSWER E
Occupational health studies provide a valuable opportunity to study the adverse effects
of prolonged exposure to uncommon chemical exposures in humans. - ANSWER True
An ecologic study was conducted among nine cities in the United States to correlate
concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air with rates of acute
myocardial infarction. Which of the the following was most likely used to assess
exposure? - ANSWER Community or regional air sampling
Which of the following is the best example of a time-varying exposure?
a. Spilling acid on your hand in chemistry lab
b. Radon gas seeping into a house over a period of 30 years
c. Unemployment
d. A law that forbids sending text messages while you are driving - ANSWER c.
Unemployment
Individual biomarkers can be used to follow trends in some exposures over time in a
population. - ANSWER True
Exposure assessment encompasses not only estimates of the dose of contaminants in
humans, but also identification of the source of the contaminant, the media in which it is
transported (air, soil, water), and the exposure route (ingestion, inhalation, dermal
absorption). - ANSWER True
A study is being conducted to assess the possible association between antidepressant
medication use during pregnancy and the risk of cleft lip in the offspring. Investigators
are currently enrolling two groups of women: those who just delivered an infant with a
cleft lip and a sample of women who just delivered an infant without any birth defects.
The presence or absence of birth defects is based on the newborn physical exam. All
mothers are being interviewed to determine their use of antidepressant medications
during the pregnancy that just ended.
What type of study design is this? - ANSWER Case-control study
, Investigators collected information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Census database during 1979-1998 on mortality from rates schemic heart disease in
rural agricultural counties of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
They examined these mortality rates in relation to environmental exposure to
chlorophenoxy herbicides, using data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture on wheat
acreage as a surrogate measure of exposure to pesticides.
What kind of study design is this? - ANSWER Ecological Study
An initial questionnaire completed by the parents was used to assess the status of the
children with regard to many exposures including environmental tobacco smoke in the
home. The outcome of interest for this particular report was school absences among
2,081 fourth-grade children followed during the first 6 months of 1996. Tobacco smoke
exposure information was collected by using questionnaire items about the current and
past household smoking status of each participant's mother, father, other adult
household members, and regular household visitors. The current number of household
smokers was recorded. The children were followed for six months, and tcollected
school absence reports and then used telephone interviews to collect information about
the reasons for absences. They found that ETS exposure was associated with an overall
increased risk of absence for respiratory illness which was statistically significant. -
ANSWER Prospective Cohort Study
Investigators are interested in studying infertility in young adult men after treatment for
testicular cancer. They are currently enrolling two groups of men who are currently
being treated for cancer: 1) those who are being treated with surgery combined with
chemotherapy, and 2) those who are being treated with surgery combined with
radiation. The type of therapy was determined based on the recommendations of the
patient's urologist and discussion of the pros and cons of each treatment plan with the
patient. The frequency of infertility occurring from the time of treatment will be
determined during a five-year follow-up period.
Which of the following study types best describes this study? - ANSWER Prospective
Cohort
Several pieces of evidence led investigators to suspect that occupational exposures to
disulfide chemicals might increase the risk of heart disease. In 2009 a team of
investigators tested this hypothesis by obtaining all of the employee health records from
a rayon manufacturing company in Newark, NJ. They obtained all records from 1975 to
the present time. identify employees who had contact with disulfides during the
manufacturing process, known heart disease at beginning: excluded. For
disulfide-exposed subjects, initially free of heart disease, investigators then determined
the subsequent occurrence of heart disease. The comparison group consisted of
workers at a paper mill in Maine, who did not have occupational exposure to disulfides.
Employee health records for paper workers also were obtained from 1975 to present,
and subjects with known heart disease at the time they began working there were again
excluded. - ANSWER Retrospective cohort study
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Zayla. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
70073 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now