HES 354 Exam 3 | Questions and Answers

HES 354 Exam 3 | Questions and Answers Nature debate gene and heredity factors; physical appearance to personality and behavior Nurture debate environmental variables including early childhood, social relationships, surrounding culture Human Genome Project project whose goal is to map, sequence, and identify all of the genes in the human genome Genetic determinism idea that genes determine our behavior, thoughts, emotions, and social characteristics Most of the genetic variation that could influence health outcomes do so through interactions between.... the external and internal environment Epigenetics the study of gene-environment interaction; heritable changes in gene expression (active vs inactive) that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence Epigenetic mechanisms chemical processes that affect how your genes shape you as a person where those chemical processes are influenced by environmental factors Genotype organisms complete set of heritable genes Phentoype observable characteristics Changes in gene expression DO NOT involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence Exposome A measure of all the exposures to a person during a lifetime and how those exposures relate to personal health, such as risk to disease. DNA methylation tags DNA and activates or represses genes the environment-gene interaction... allows organisms to adapt to different environments through the feedback loop inherit to the process histone or chromatin modification binding of epigenetic factors to histone "tails" alters the extent to which DNA is wrapped around histone and the availability of genes in DNA to be activated aggregated factors exposome in epigenetics disparity exposome health disparity communities are exposed to higher levels of the environmental factors that produce epigenetic changes associated with health risks implication connected to epigenetics 1. prevention (access to parental and early childcare, reducing poverty, reducing unhealthy environment exposure) 2. reversing epigenetic changes (parent interventions, family and community violence interventions) 3. mitigation (social support) What are the three steps to planning approaches for PRECEDE-PROCEED and the Risk and Protective factors planning model? 1. Assessment 2. Development of intervention 3. Evaluation Precede-Proceed Model Consists of eight phases that provide a framework for intervention. It is an educational and ecologic model that incorporates planning for evidence-based best practices, interventions, and integration of evaluation methods for improvement of quality. (focuses on community or local level) what does PRECEDE and PROCEED stand for Predisposing Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational/environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation. Policy Regulatory and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development. Phase 1 of Precede-Proceed social assessment and situational analysis -assessment of quality of life and social factors -sources of information: employment rates, availability of healthcare services, education, crime, housing Phase 2 of Precede-Proceed epidemiological assessment (more specific) -prevalence/incidence of health condition -focuses in trends on health issues in populations -sources of information: local surveillance data from public health sources or national surveillance epidemiological assessment terms morbidity data (incidence and prevalence) mortality data (deaths) comorbidity (are the health conditions related) incidence (new cases/current rate) prevalence (existing case rates/spread) Phase 3 of Precede-Proceed Behavioral and environmental assessment -behavioral = personal -environmental = external -sources of information: local surveys, focus groups, data from public health sources or schools, public health agencies (not regularly collected/maintained) Phase 4 of Precede-Proceed educational and ecological assessment -attitudes, decision making, social and cultural influences, social and economic factors -three categories: predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors -sources of information: local surveys, focus groups, specialized data (even more limited) predisposing factors populations knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs enabling factors skills, resources, barriers reinforcing factors what rewards are received Phase 5 of Precede-Proceed administrative/policy assessment -resources available for development and implementation of program -sources of information: community leaders, colleges, universities, businesses Phase 6 of Precede-Proceed