PATH 1000 Exam 2 Questions and Verified Answers
Clinical signs of influenza
Incubation period: 3-14 days
Birds found dead
Drop in egg production
Neurological signs
- Depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers
Combs swollen, cyanotic Conjunctivitis
and respiratory signs
Gross Lesions
Extremely varied in various species
Mild disease, the characterized lesions
Catarrhal fibrinous, mucopurulent or caseous inflammation in the
sinuses Edema of the tracheal mucosa and thickened air sacs
Fibrinous enteritis Highly pathogenic viruses, birds dies quickly before gross lesions develop
Diagnosis of avian influenza (2 types)
Presumptive diagnosis
Definitive diagnosis
Presumptive diagnosis
Serologic diagnosis
Clinical signs/lesions
Antigen capture tests (AI only)
Molecular detection (RRT-PCR)
,Definitive diagnosis
Isolation & characterization of the virus
In vivo pathotyping
Molecular characteristics (sequencing)
Required for reporting to OIE
Prevention and control of AI
Prevention
-biosecurity, surveillance
Control
-by containing the outbreak
-Test and slaughter in USA
-Vaccination
- Inactivated vaccine
- Use of genetic engineering
Control and Eradication
Eliminate insects and mice
Depopulate flock and destroy carcasses
Remove manure down to bare concrete
High pressure spray to clean equipment and surfaces
Spray with residual disinfectant
Avian influenza (bird flu) Outbreak of 2022-2023
In 2022, 67 countries in five continents reported H5N1 high pathogenicity avian
influenza outbreaks in poultry and wild birds to WOAH.
More than 131 million domestic poultry lost due to death or culling in affected farms
and villages.
In 2023, another 14 countries reported outbreaks, mainly in the Americas, as the
disease continues to spread.
, Several mass death events have been reported in wild birds, caused by influenza A(H5N1) clade
2.3.4.4b viruses.
The economic impact of wild bird Flu in USA
In the current outbreak, 58.8 million birds have been slaughtered on more than 300 commercial
farms in 47 states.
That is because any time the virus is detected, the entire flock on that farm — which can
number in the millions — must be killed to limit the spread of the disease. Only Hawaii,
Louisiana and West Virginia have yet to report a case of bird flu.
Iowa — the nation's biggest egg producer — leads the nation with nearly 16 million
birds slaughtered.
Epidemiological Update - Outbreaks of avian influenza caused by influenza A(H5N1) in the
Region of the Americas - August 2023
As of epidemiological week (EW) 31 of 2023.
Agricultural authorities in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Ecuador, The United States of America, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay,
and Venezuela
Have detected outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in domestic birds, farm poultry and/or
wild birds, and in mammals.
Among the mammals identified, red foxes and skunks were the most frequently affected in
North America, and fur seals in South America.
Human Influenza Pandemics
1918-21 Spanish flu (H1N1) caused the highest known influenza related mortality
- 500,000 deaths in USA
- 40 million world wide
1957-58 Asian flu (H2N2) caused 70,000 deaths in the USA
1968-69 Hong Kong flu (H3N2)caused 34,000 deaths in the USA
Symptoms of Bird Flu in humans
Clinical signs of influenza
Incubation period: 3-14 days
Birds found dead
Drop in egg production
Neurological signs
- Depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers
Combs swollen, cyanotic Conjunctivitis
and respiratory signs
Gross Lesions
Extremely varied in various species
Mild disease, the characterized lesions
Catarrhal fibrinous, mucopurulent or caseous inflammation in the
sinuses Edema of the tracheal mucosa and thickened air sacs
Fibrinous enteritis Highly pathogenic viruses, birds dies quickly before gross lesions develop
Diagnosis of avian influenza (2 types)
Presumptive diagnosis
Definitive diagnosis
Presumptive diagnosis
Serologic diagnosis
Clinical signs/lesions
Antigen capture tests (AI only)
Molecular detection (RRT-PCR)
,Definitive diagnosis
Isolation & characterization of the virus
In vivo pathotyping
Molecular characteristics (sequencing)
Required for reporting to OIE
Prevention and control of AI
Prevention
-biosecurity, surveillance
Control
-by containing the outbreak
-Test and slaughter in USA
-Vaccination
- Inactivated vaccine
- Use of genetic engineering
Control and Eradication
Eliminate insects and mice
Depopulate flock and destroy carcasses
Remove manure down to bare concrete
High pressure spray to clean equipment and surfaces
Spray with residual disinfectant
Avian influenza (bird flu) Outbreak of 2022-2023
In 2022, 67 countries in five continents reported H5N1 high pathogenicity avian
influenza outbreaks in poultry and wild birds to WOAH.
More than 131 million domestic poultry lost due to death or culling in affected farms
and villages.
In 2023, another 14 countries reported outbreaks, mainly in the Americas, as the
disease continues to spread.
, Several mass death events have been reported in wild birds, caused by influenza A(H5N1) clade
2.3.4.4b viruses.
The economic impact of wild bird Flu in USA
In the current outbreak, 58.8 million birds have been slaughtered on more than 300 commercial
farms in 47 states.
That is because any time the virus is detected, the entire flock on that farm — which can
number in the millions — must be killed to limit the spread of the disease. Only Hawaii,
Louisiana and West Virginia have yet to report a case of bird flu.
Iowa — the nation's biggest egg producer — leads the nation with nearly 16 million
birds slaughtered.
Epidemiological Update - Outbreaks of avian influenza caused by influenza A(H5N1) in the
Region of the Americas - August 2023
As of epidemiological week (EW) 31 of 2023.
Agricultural authorities in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Ecuador, The United States of America, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay,
and Venezuela
Have detected outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in domestic birds, farm poultry and/or
wild birds, and in mammals.
Among the mammals identified, red foxes and skunks were the most frequently affected in
North America, and fur seals in South America.
Human Influenza Pandemics
1918-21 Spanish flu (H1N1) caused the highest known influenza related mortality
- 500,000 deaths in USA
- 40 million world wide
1957-58 Asian flu (H2N2) caused 70,000 deaths in the USA
1968-69 Hong Kong flu (H3N2)caused 34,000 deaths in the USA
Symptoms of Bird Flu in humans
