PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolicabsorption?
a. Cells canproduceproteins. c. Cells can take in and usenutrients.
b. Cells can secretedigestiveenzymes. d.Cells can synthesizefats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
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2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained inthe:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d.L y s o s o m e
ANS: C
The nucleus contains thenucleolus,a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
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3. Whichcomponent ofthecell prodNuUceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOMperoxide(H2O2)
byusingoxygen toremove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an
oxidativereaction?
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d.O x y h y d r o s o m e s
ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that
producesH2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates
or escapesfrom peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope callednuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that
originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes
calledhydrolases,which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
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4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released duringcell
injury?
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
b. Golgicomplex d.L y s o s o m e s
ANS: D
NURSINGTB.COM
, The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury
leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific
substrates, causingcellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly describe this
process.
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5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas
cells from the initial transcription to the release from thecell?
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane.
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to thecell
membrane.
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cellmembrane.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cellmembrane.
ANS: A
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome
for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. The other
options do not correctly describe this process.
NURSINGTB.COM
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6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNAsynthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d.M
ANS: B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1phase (G = gap), which is
theperiod between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
phase(S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the
G2phase,during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
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7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by actingas
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive activepumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d.C a r b o h y d r a t e s
ANS: C
, Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and
out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles
calledionsorelectrolytesand specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides; and
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of certain
ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of other
ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the extracellular
environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated
apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy forwhich
humandiseases?
a. Cardiac and vasculardisorders
b. Autoimmune and malignantdisorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renaldisorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinaldisorders
ANS: B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many humandiseases,
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other options do not correctly
describe thisprocess.
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9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across theplasma
membrane? NURSINGTB.COM
a. Carbohydratechains c. Membrane channel proteins
b. Glycoproteinchannels d.Lipidbilayer
ANS: D
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in
water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The
bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances
whileallowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
todiffuse through it readily. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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10. The fluid mosaic modelexplains:
a. How a cell membranefunctions
b. Why our bodies appear to besolid
c. How tissue isdifferentiated
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellularcompartments
ANS: A
The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The remaining
options do not explain the mosaic model.
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11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with
other cells in direct physicalcontact?
a. Protein channel (gapjunction)
b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involvingreceptors)
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such asligands
ANS: A
Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example, insulin.
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–bound signaling
molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact.
The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cellssome
distanceaway?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d.H o r m o n a l
ANS: D
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2)
hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model, the secreted
chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones are used
forcommunicationwith distant targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple,cellscansecrete
achemical and rely on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally,
neurotransmitters are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For example, a
neuron might secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a muscle cell.
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13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quicklytaken
up, destroyed, orimmobilized?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d.H o r m o n e
ANS: A
In paracrine signaling,cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by bindingto:
a. Lipids c. Amphipathiclipids
b. Ribosomes d.R e c e p t o r s
ANS: D
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to
its receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surroundingthem?
a. Protein channel (gapjunction)
b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involvingreceptors)
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Chemical messengers such asligands
ANS: D
Cellular communication can occur by the binding of a chemical massager (a ligand) to a
specific membrane receptor that is closely associated with the channel (e.g., G proteins).
The other options do not correctly describe how cells communicate.
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16. When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, itis
provided by whichone?
a. Guanosinetriphosphate(GTP) c. Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
b. Adenosinemonophosphate(AMP) d.Guanosine diphosphate(GDP)
ANS: B
The two major second messenger pathways are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++).
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17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for thecell?
a. Oxidativephosphorylation NURSINGTcB..COLMactolysis
b. Glycolysis d.Passivetransport
ANS: B
Glycolysis produces a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the
process of oxidation or the removal and transfer of a pair of electrons. The other options
do not correctly identify an anaerobic process that provides energy to the cell.
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18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins,and
lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate(ATP)?
a. Anaerobicglycolysis c. Oxidativephosphorylation
b. Oxidativecellularmetabolism d.Tricarboxylic acidphosphorylation
ANS: C
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the
energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The other
options do not correctly identify the mechanism described in the question.
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19. Passive transport is best described with whichstatement?
a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances beingtransported
, c. Being capable of transportingmacromolecules
d. Requiring energy generated by thecell
ANS: A
Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma
membrane’s lipid bilayer. This process, calledpassive transport,naturally occurs through
any semipermeable barrier. It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion, all
of which depend on the laws of physics and do not require life. The other options do not
correctly describe passive transport.
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20. Active transport occurs across which type ofmembranes?
a. Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of thecell
b. Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electricallyuncharged
molecules
c. Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substancesto
betransported
d. Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather thanhydrophilic
ANS: C
Some molecules are moved into the cell by mechanisms of active transport,which require
receptors that are capable of recognizing and binding with the substance to be transported.
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute
concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the
mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. Osmosis is the movement
of waterdowna concentration gradient; that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a
region of higherwaterconcentratiNoUn RtoSIaNGloTwBe.CrOwMaterconcentration
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21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree
of specificity for the substance beingtransported?
a. Active c. Transmembranous
b. Mediated d.P a s s i v e
ANS: B
Mediated transport (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with
receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported.
Inorganicanions and cations (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca++, chloride [Cl–], bicarbonate [HCO3–])
and chargedand uncharged organic compounds (e.g., amino acids, sugars) require specific
transport systems to facilitate movement through different cellular membranes. The
remaining options do not correctly identify the process described.
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22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial
fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movementprocess?
a. Hydrostaticpressure c. Diffusion
b. Osmosis d.Activetransport
ANS: A
, Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes.
In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is theblood pressuregenerated in vessels by
the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of
25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary
membranes into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the
process described.
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23. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity inthe
clinical assessment ofindividuals?
a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume ofsolution.
b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight ofsolutes.
c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein andglucose,
rather than bywater.
d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, suchas
proteins andglucose.
ANS: C
In plasma, less of the plasma weight is water; therefore the overall concentration of
particles is greater. The osmolality will be greater than the osmolarity because of the
smaller proportion of water. Osmolality is thus the preferred measure of osmotic activity
in clinical assessment of individuals.
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24. A patient who has diarrhea receivesNa U3%R saline
SIN solution
G T B .intravenously
C O M to replace
thesodium andchloridelostin thesto o l. W ha t e f f e ct will thisfluid
replacement haveoncells?
a. Becomehydrated c. Shrink
b. Swellorburst d.Divide
ANS: C
A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg. An
example of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline solution. Water can be pulled out of the cells
by a hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. The remaining options do not correctly
describe the effect identified in the stem.
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25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by whichprocess?
a. Active-mediated transport (activetransport)
b. Activediffusion
c. Passiveosmosis
d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitateddiffusion)
ANS: D
Facilitated diffusion is the means by which glucose is transported from the blood to the
cells. The remaining options do not correctly identify this process.
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26. Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranesby:
, a. Passive electrolytechannels
b. Coupledchannels
c. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)enzyme
d. Diffusion
ANS: C
The exact mechanism for the transport of Na+and K+across the membrane is uncertain.
One proposal is that ATPase enzyme induces the transporter protein to undergo several
conformational changes, causing Na+and K+to move short distances (see Figure 1-29).
The remaining options do not correctly describe the means by which K+and Na+are
transported.
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27. What occurs duringexocytosis?
a. Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cellmembranes.
b. All substances are secreted into the cellularmatrix.
c. No repairs in the plasma membrane can takeplace.
d. Solute molecules flow freely into and out of thecell.
ANS: A
In eukaryotic cells, secretion of macromolecules almost always occurs by exocytosis. The
remaining options do not correctly describe exocytosis.
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28. Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out ofcells?
a. Potassium hasagreaterconceNntUraRtSioINnGinTBth.CeOiMntracellularfluid(ICF).
b. Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid(ECF).
c. The resting plasma membrane is more permeable topotassium.
d. An excess of anions are inside thecell.
ANS: C
Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to K+than to Na+, K+can easily
diffuse from its area of higher concentration in the ICF to its area of lower concentration in
the ECF. Because Na+and K+are both cations, the net result is an excess of anions inside
the cell, resulting in the resting membrane potential. The remaining options do not
correctly identify the process that most easily diffuses K+.
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29. The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on whichprocess?
a. Receptor-mediatedexocytosis c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
b. Antiportsystem d.Passivetransport
ANS: C
The cellular uptake of nutrients, such as cholesterol, for example, depends on
receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nutrients are not transported via the other options.
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,30. What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action
potential?
a. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing themembrane
potential from negative topositive.
b. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing themembrane
potential from negative topositive.
c. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change themembrane
potential from positive tonegative.
d. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change themembrane
potential from positive tonegative.
ANS: B
When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell membranes
become more permeable to Na+. A net Na+moves into the cell, and the membrane
potential decreases, ormoves forward, from a negative value (in millivolts) to zero. The
Na+gates open, and Na+rushes into the cell, causing the membrane potential to reduce to
zero and then become positive (depolarization). The remaining options do not correctly
describe the change that initiates an action potential.
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31. The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of whichcells?
a. Platelets c. Connective tissuecells
b. Epidermalcells d.Fibroblastcells
ANS: C
Different types of cells require different factors; for example, platelet-derived growth
factorstimulates the production ofNcUoRnSnINecGtiTvBe.CtiOssMuecells.
Theremainingoptions do not correctly describe the action of platelet-derived growth
factor.
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32. The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is thatthey:
a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth anddevelopment.
b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cellcycle.
c. Restrain cell growth and development.
d. Provide nutrients for cell growth anddevelopment.
ANS: A
Growth factors, also calledcytokines, are peptides that transmit signals within and among
cells. They have a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development (see
Table 1-6). The remaining options do not correctly describe the role of cytokines in cell
reproduction.
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33. What is the process of cellularreproduction?
a. The process often takes months or years tocomplete.
b. Cellular reproduction typically has a shortinterphase.
c. Two diploid cells, calleddaughter cells, have been formed.
d. The process involves the interaction of male and femalecells.
, ANS: C
During telophase, the final stage, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of
46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Cytokinesis causes the cytoplasm to divide into roughly equal parts during this phase.At
the end of telophase, two identical diploid cells, calleddaughter cells,have been formed from the
originalcell.
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34. Which statement istrueabout eukaryoticcells?
a. They lack distinctnucleus.
b. They contain compartments calledorganelles.
c. They lack an encasing nuclear membrane.
d. They are smaller than the typical prokaryotecell.
ANS: B
Eukaryotic cells have a characteristic set of membrane-bound intracellular compartments
calledorganellesthat include a well-defined nucleus and are larger than prokaryotes. The
remaining statements are not true regarding eukaryotic cells.
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35. Which statement istrueaboutphagocytosis?
a. Phagocytosis is an example ofexocytosis.
b. Phagocytosis is dependent on smallvesicles.
c. Phagocytosis involves the ingestion ofbacteria.
d. Phagocytosis focuses on solutemolecules.
NURSINGTB.COM
ANS: C
In phagocytosis, the large molecular substances are engulfed by the plasma membrane and
enter the cell so that they can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes. Two types
of endocytosis are designated, based on the size of the vesicle formed. Pinocytosis (cell
drinking) involves the ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through the formation of
small vesicles, and phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such
as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (also calledvacuoles). Phagocytosis in an
example of endocytosis, not exocytosis.
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36. A muscle cell possesses which specializedfunction?
a. Movement c. Secretion
b. Conductivity d.R e s p i r a t i o n
ANS: A
A cell has the potential to differentiation and to gain the ability to perform one of eight
specialized functions. Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. Nerves cells
are capable of conductivity. Cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary can secrete.
Respiration is a function that all cells possess.
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