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Summary 3.1 CCP Minor: P12 Migration & Mental Health
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Problem 12 of the Cross Cultural Psychology Minor - Migration & Mental Health. In depth summary & class notes as well.
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3.1 P12: Migration & Mental HealthHelman: Culture, health & illness
There are physical health risks and mental ones associated with migration. (cardiovascular,
diabetes...etc) and mental illnesses.
Mental illnesses: being a migrant does not necessarily lead to mental illness. Because other
factors play a role (employment, housing, reaction to host society). How immigrants adjust to
the new environment
Family structure: the migration can strengthen or fragment the family which affects mental
health (positive: more cohesion, emotional closeness, negative: more adjustment,
discrimination...etc.).
Sense of discontinuity in everyday life in family: traditional ways of doing things and
relationship to people does not work the same as before, can lead to mental disorders.
Inversions: 4 ones:
Generation inversion: children understand language and country more than parents,
parents are dependent on them.
Gender role: women become more independent after immigration.
Time inversion: the past seems to be much more important than the present or even
the future.
Space inversion: a situation where the proportion of unfamiliar space occupied by the
migrant seems to be much greater than that of familiar space.
Refugee health: has problems before even moving to a new country. Unlike voluntary
migrants, they have no chance to psychologically prepare to move, they are forced to leave.
They may be separated from family, bad influence on the long term.
Theories of causation:
Multi-migration: migration is never accompanied by one thing. Many different factors are
involved. Rural to urban, eastern to western, different cultures or religions ...etc. can lead to
culture shock due to hostility and discrimination and thus bad mental health.
Push and pull theory: migration is pull when it is voluntary. Push is involuntary. Pull people
search for better opportunities but push people are forced to leave.
Selection-stress: certain mental disorders incite their victims to migration. Stress hypothesis:
process of migration creates mental stress, which may precipitate mental illness in susceptible
individuals.
Host vs migrant: Host community factors can impact on the refugees, their health status and
whether they are willing or able to integrate.
Psychosocial transitions: Migration from one region or culture is often a traumatic
experience because it involves major disruptions in the individual’s life space or assumptive
world (those parts of the environment with which the self interacts and in relation to which
behaviour is organized). It is these comfortable assumptions that are shattered in the case of
involuntary migrants
Cultural bereavement: permanent traumatic loss of sense of culture or identity. Causes
stress and mental illness.
, Variations in mental illnesses across immigrants:
Pathogenic factors: division among sexes, hostility, religious taboos, discrimination...etc.
Protective factors: migration of the whole family, language, education, context in a new
country, coherent religious or cultural worldviews, decent housing and medical care.
Limitations: mainly focused on first generation immigrants.
Management of migrants’ mental health: it is usually unsuccessful to treat mental illness
of migrants. This is because they only focus on the individual and not the family (very
important) and because the therapy is Western-oriented.
Globalization is affecting the way people communicate stress (idioms, merging of
languages...etc.) thus the psychiatrist must be aware when treating them.
Bhugra: Migration & Mental Health (2 articles)
Both talk about different disorders that happen due to migration. Descriptions of people more
susceptible of disorders due to migration...etc.
Different stages of migration:
Premigration: when the person decides to migrate and prepare
Migration itself, moving
Post migration: can last for the lifetime and may affect the second generation.
Effect of migration on individual and family: same as previous article.
Age and Gender: disorders are higher for females. Older Asian females have higher rates of
schizophrenia. Young adults are more likely to migrate and more at risk of disorders, but yet
more able to adjust.
Language: fluency and higher education and occupation can decrease the risk of mental
disorders.
What happens when two cultures come in contact? Assimilation is when culture differences
disappear. Acculturation and assimilation are two different things.
Common stresses in migrants: when travelling with groups, stress is higher (more
consideration)
Support system: protective factor. Migrating with family can reduce stress.
Migration and schizophrenia: three hypotheses:
Sending countries have high rates
One study illustrated that the rates of narrow definition schizophrenia were not elevated in
less developed countries when compared with developed countries
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