Covers the various sections relating to Chemical Bonding as per the IEB Physical Sciences SAG.
Includes notes from the textbook, as well as additional class, video and research information, diagrams and practice questions.
Applicable to all IEB Grade 12s.
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Chemical Bonding
Intramolecular bond
A bond which occurs between atoms within molecules.
Type 1: Metallic
Being between a positive kernel and a sea of delocalised electrons.
Involves: One type of metal atoms
The kernel’s are arranged in a lattice and the electrons move around.
Allows for metals to be:
- Mailable
- Good conductors of heat
- Good conductors of electricity
Type 2: Ionic
A transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction.
Involves: A metal and a non-metal
Metal → Gives the electron and is now a cation, positive.
Non-metal → Gets the electron and is now an anion, negative.
Forms crystals, i.e. giant structures.
These crystals are brittle due to repulsion.
, Type 3: Covalent
A sharing of at least one pair of electrons by two non-metal atoms.
Involves: Two non-metals
Results in molecules, small groups of atoms.
May be:
- Small molecules
- Giant molecules, i.e. Network covalent structures
- Examples - Diamond, Graphite, Quartz sand
Type of covalent:
- Single, Example H2O
- Double, Example O2
- Trible, Example N2
- Dative or coordinate
- When one atom brings a one pair and the other brings no electrons, to form a bond.
Example: Ammonia and Hydrogen Ion
NH3 H+
H X•
. H N ••
X
• [ H ]+
X•
. H
+
H
[
.
X•
H N• •• H
X
[ = NH4 (Ammonium Ion)
•
X
. H
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