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Samenvatting Media: Publiek En Effecten (publieksdeel)
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Samenvatting van het vak Media: publiek & effecten (pubieksdeel)
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MEDIA: PUBLIEKSDEELINHOUDSOPGAVE
1 Algemene inleiding op publieksdeel........................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Mediagebruik is (deels) selectief ............................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Media worden gebruikt om behoeften te bevredigen ............................................................................ 5
1.3 Psychologische/sociale factoren hebben invloed op ervaring en mogelijkheden tot concrete invulling
van behoeften ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Leeftijd & mediagebruik ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Jongeren ................................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.1 Kinderen (tot 12 jaar): ................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2 Adolescentie ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Sensori-motorische fase: 0-2j ....................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Pre-operationele fase: 2-7j ........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Concreet-operationele fase: 7-11j ................................................................................................ 14
2.2.4 Formeel operationele fase: 12+j ................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Algemene cognitieve evoluties ..................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Jongeren en « klassieke » media: mediagebruik bij kinderen ............................................................... 15
2.3.1 Baby’s en peuters (sensori-motorisch) ......................................................................................... 15
2.3.2 Kinderen 2-5j (pre-operationeel) .................................................................................................. 15
2.3.3 Kinderen 5-7j (pre-operationeel) .................................................................................................. 15
2.3.4 Kinderen 7-11j (concreet-operationeel) ....................................................................................... 15
2.3.5 Mediagebruik van kinderen: algemene leeftijdstrends ................................................................ 17
2.4 Jongeren en « klassieke » media: mediagebruik bij adolescenten ........................................................ 17
2.4.1 Jongeren en nieuwe media: internet/games ................................................................................ 18
2.4.2 Verschillen kinderen – adolescenten ............................................................................................ 19
2.4.3 Verschuivingen over de tijd .......................................................................................................... 20
2.4.4 Soorten internetkansen ................................................................................................................ 21
2.4.5 Soorten internetrisico’s................................................................................................................. 22
2.4.6 Cyberpesten? ................................................................................................................................ 23
2.4.7 Waarom zijn we hooked aan onze smartphone?.......................................................................... 27
2.5 Leeftijden in de media ........................................................................................................................... 27
2.5.1 Volwassenen ................................................................................................................................. 27
2.5.2 Ouderen ........................................................................................................................................ 28
2.6 Leeftijd en mediagebruik: algemene cijfergegevens ............................................................................. 29
2.7 Leeftijden in de media ........................................................................................................................... 31
3 Sekse/gender en mediagebruik............................................................................................................. 33
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, 3.1 Definitie ................................................................................................................................................. 33
3.2 Mannelijk versus vrouwelijk .................................................................................................................. 34
3.2.1 Vrouwelijkheid in Westerse wereld (nu)....................................................................................... 34
3.2.2 Mannelijkheid in Westerse wereld (nu) ........................................................................................ 34
3.3 Gendersocialisatie ................................................................................................................................. 34
3.4 Voorstelling van mannen en vrouwen in de media ............................................................................... 35
3.4.1 Voorstellingen van mannen .......................................................................................................... 37
3.4.2 Voorstellingen van vrouwen ......................................................................................................... 37
3.5 Voorstelling van mannen en vrouwen in de reclame ............................................................................ 39
3.6 Gender en mediagebruik ....................................................................................................................... 40
3.6.1 Verschillen tussen jongens en meisjes in peuter- en kleutertijd: ................................................. 41
3.6.2 Verschillen tussen jongens en meisjes vanaf de lagere schoolleeftijd: ........................................ 41
3.6.3 Verschillen tussen jongens en meisjes tijdens adolescentie: ........................................................ 41
3.6.4 GENDER & ICT ............................................................................................................................... 41
3.6.5 Mannen versus vrouwen .............................................................................................................. 41
3.6.6 Besluit ........................................................................................................................................... 44
4 Klasse ................................................................................................................................................... 45
4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 45
4.2 Definitie klasse ...................................................................................................................................... 45
4.3 Klasse en levensstijl ............................................................................................................................... 47
4.4 Klasse en mediagebruik ........................................................................................................................ 50
4.4.1 Inkomen en bezit van media: ........................................................................................................ 52
4.4.2 Opleiding en gebruik van media: .................................................................................................. 54
4.4.3 Sociale mobiliteit........................................................................................................................... 58
4.4.4 “Klasse van context” ..................................................................................................................... 59
4.5 Voorstelling van klassen in de media .................................................................................................... 61
5 Gezin & Mediagebruik .......................................................................................................................... 63
5.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 63
5.1.1 Traditionele family life cycle ......................................................................................................... 64
5.1.2 “Moderne” family life cycle .......................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Kenmerken van gezin ............................................................................................................................ 67
5.2.1 Classificatie van ouderschapsstijlen (Baumrind, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983) ...................... 68
5.2.2 Invalshoeken bij onderzoek naar gezinnen en mediagebruik ....................................................... 69
5.2.3 Plaats van media in gezinsterritorium en tijdsindeling ................................................................. 69
5.3 Invloed van ouders op mediagebruik kinderen ..................................................................................... 79
5.3.1 Via “parental modeling”: .............................................................................................................. 79
5.3.2 Via “parental mediation”: ............................................................................................................. 80
5.4 Gezinnen en mediagebruik.................................................................................................................... 84
5.4.1 Graad van “mediation” ................................................................................................................. 84
5.4.2 Effecten van “mediation”:............................................................................................................. 85
5.5 Invloeden kinderen op ouders ............................................................................................................... 87
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, 5.6 Invloeden van broers en zussen (siblings) op mediagebruik ................................................................. 87
6 Etniciteit ............................................................................................................................................... 88
6.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 88
6.2 Media en etnische groepen: invalshoeken ............................................................................................ 91
6.3 Rol van media in multiculturele samenleving ....................................................................................... 91
6.4 Mediawerkers ....................................................................................................................................... 93
6.5 Representatie van etnische groepen ..................................................................................................... 95
6.6 Mediagebruik van etnische groepen ..................................................................................................... 97
6.6.1 TV-gebruik ..................................................................................................................................... 99
6.6.2 Nieuwsgebruik ............................................................................................................................ 100
6.6.3 Internetgebruik ........................................................................................................................... 100
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, 1 ALGEMENE INLEIDING OP PUBLIEKSDEEL
3 basisuitgangspunten.
1.1 MEDIAGEBRUIK IS (DEELS) SELECTIEF
We kijken niet enkel tv, we zijn terwijl ook met gsm bezig. Je gaat kiezen welk bepaald kanaal en welk bepaald
programma. Wanneer we ons blootstellen, gaan we de inhoud ook selectief verwerken. Dingen die ons
persoonlijk aanspreken, gaan we beter onthouden.
“Selective exposure” benaderingen
- Uses and gratifications
- Affectgebaseerde theorieën
- Persoonlijkheidsfactoren
- Sociologische factoren
à Wij gebruiken U&G als “overkoepelend” perspectief, waarbij ook andere theorieën aasluiten.
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