Gymnasium

These revision notes provide a comprehensive summary of the IGCSE Edexcel Business Studies curriculum, covering all 45 chapters. Topics include business activity, marketing, finance, production, human resources, and external influences. The content is organized in a clear and concise format, ideal for final exam preparation or topic-by-topic review.

Covers all major aspects of cell theory and the origin of cells. It focuses on the three fundamental principles of cell theory, Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiments, evidence for cell reproduction, the Miller-Urey experiment on prebiotic chemistry, and the endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria and chloroplasts. Perfect for exam prep in high school and college-level biology.

This study guide explains all major types of adaptations in animals and plants, including structural (e.g. camouflage, mimicry), behavioral (e.g. hibernation, migration), and functional (e.g. echolocation, bioluminescence) adaptations. Real-world examples and population-level effects are provided. Ideal for exam prep in high school or early university biology.

Covers all key behavioral learning theories essential for biology and psychology learners. Focus lies on: classical and operant conditioning with real-world applications and experiments, habituation and sensitization under non-associative learning, and explains observational learning using structured steps. Ideal for high school, AP, and university-level exam prep.

A comprehensive study guide ideal for biology exams. Covers every step of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in detail - from light-dependent reactions and light independent reactions to the Calvin cycle, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Includes limiting factors of photosynthesis and ATP yield at each stage. Ideal for high school and A-level students.

Designed for secondary school and exam preparation, including the Abitur in biology. Topics include the comparison of plant and animal cells, roles of organelles, components of the plasma membrane and phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, cholesterol, and the development of membrane models.

Everything you need to know for the chemistry exam in Organic Chemistry (ORGANISCHE CHEMIE)! Covers all relevant topics including structure, properties, uses, and reactions of hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and soaps, alongside industrial processes like cracking and fractional distillation. Alos includes practical examples, chemical equations, and application-based questions to support full exam preparation.

This chemistry study guide is perfect for exam preparation. It includes detailed content on carbon structure, allotropes (diamond, graphite, fullerene), combustion and redox reactions, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, carbon cycle, testing methods, carbonate reactions, and calcium oxide. Each section contains key definitions, structures, properties, uses, and questions for review.

This chemistry guide covers all key concepts related to fossil fuels, hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, fractional distillation, and cracking. It includes definitions, structures, key properties, formulas, comparisons, and industrial processes. Designed for secondary school students to support exam preparation, concept understanding, and practical application skills.

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