Computer Science

This document provides a comprehensive guide to pointers in C, covering essential concepts such as pointer arithmetic, memory management, function pointers, and dynamic memory allocation. It includes detailed explanations with examples to help students understand how pointers work in arrays, functions, and structures. Key topics covered: Pointer Basics – Understanding memory addresses and dereferencing. Pointer Arithmetic – Incrementing, decrementing, and pointer operations. Dynamic ...

The document provides a summary of system organization that is the concept of a programmable machine, the advantages of a programmable machine, the components of a programmable machine and the Von Neumann model. The document also provides information in program and program execution. In the program and program execution there is the basic instruction cycle and the general instruction cycle. Various interconnection methods have been discussed such as the bus interconnection system which consist...

The document has been summarized to provide the learner with information on:One-the levels of the memory hierarchy from the lower level to the upper level and vice versa. Two, the ABCs of cache that is the principle of locality, the various definitions, the various cache measures, block placement measures and improving cache performance. Three, reducing cache misses which comprises of classifying misses, higher associativity and victim caches. Four, reducing cache miss penalty which consists o...