HESI Advanced Pathophysiology

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%. b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%. c. Neither is correct. d. There is insufficient data - A In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following...

The nurse working in an outpatient nephrology clinic knows that which of the following are primary functions of the kidneys? (Select all that apply.) A. Production of clotting factors B. Homeostasis C. Excretion of metabolic wastes D. Regulation of acid-base balance E. Metabolism of fats - B, C, D The kidneys do not metabolize fats. Production of clotting factors is a primary function of the liver. The kidneys maintain blood pressure using the RAAS and also produce erythropoietin t...

Metabolic acidosis - low pH, low HCO3 Metabolic alkalosis - high pH, high HCO3 Respiratory acidosis - low pH, high CO2 Respiratory alkalosis - high pH, low CO2 Metabolic acidosis causes - Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency Meta...

After talking w/ the HCP, a male pt continues to have questions about the results of a prostatic surface antigen (PSA) screening test and asks the nurse how the PSA levels become elevated. The nurse should explain which pathophysiological mechanism? - As the prostate gland enlarges, its cells contribute more PSA in the circulating blood PSA is a glycoprotein found in prostatic epithelial cells, and elevations are used as a specific tumor markers. Elevations in PSA are r/t gland volume, ie. be...

An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: what is that? A. positive feedback B. negative feedback C. disease D. homeostasis - A. Positive feedback Positive Feedback - -less common - Snowball Effect (some pain/ pressure gets worse and worse) - Examples: clots, sneezing, childbirth - When childbirth starts there is an increase in hormone production which progressively gets ...

What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell? - The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? - They provide growth factor for tissue growth and development. Cellular reproduction is a process that: - Results in two di...

The nurse hears short, high-pitched sounds just before the end of inspiration in the right and left lower lobes when auscultating a client's lungs. How should this finding be recorded? - Fine crackles are short, high pitched sounds heard just before the end of inspiration that are the result of rapid equalization of pressure when collapsed alveoli or terminal bronchioles suddenly snap open. The nurse is assessing an older client and determines that the client's left upper eyelid droops, cov...

When maintained well, maintains skin and mucous membranes and is also essential in reducing host susceptibility - nutrition Involves the administration of a nutrient mixture directly into a peripheral vein - total parenteral nutrition Asymptomatic disease with mild discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation and flatulence which can be excused for other reasons - diverticulosis During acute episodes, food intake should be reduced along with antimicrobial drugs taken as needed; treated by incr...