Methods in Molecular Biology 1469

Transformation or transfection is an indispensable tool in basic and applied studies in biological sciences. In plants, a number of species can be transformed by an Agrobacteriummediated system, particle bombardment, and/or protoplast fusion. Compared to other organisms, however, these three techniques are uncontrollable with regard to the insertion of exogenous genes or DNA because the insertion into the genome or chromosome is quite random, and multiple-copy insertion frequently occurs. Thi...