chemistry
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Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody, Carleen Van Siclen • ISBN 9781284238860
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Latest notes & summaries chemistry
Brønsted-Lowry acid - Ans .proton donor 
Brønsted-Lowry base - Ans .proton acceptor 
Acid-base equilibria - Ans .is the transfer of protons 
pH - Ans .-log10[H+] 
[H+] - Ans .10^-pH 
strong acid - Ans .HCl --> H+ + Clfully dissociates in water 
strong base - Ans .A base that dissociates completely into ions in solution. 
Weak acids - Ans .CH3COOH(aq) <--> CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) 
creates an equilibrium in water 
weak bases - Ans .Substances capable of accepting hydrogen but do not compl...
1. which element is in the d-block of the periodic table? 
A- -Selenium 
B- -Antimony 
C- -Tantalum 
D- -Lead - Ans .C 
2. There are 392mol of pure gold in a bar measuring 10cm by 109cm by 40cm. What is the denisty 
of the gold? 
A- -193 
B- -19.3 
C- -1.93 
D- -0.193 - Ans .B 
3. Which species contains an element with oxidation state of +4? 
A- -NO2+ 
B- -ClO3- 
C- -H2SO3 
D- -PCl5 - Ans .C 
4. Ions of 2 isotops of Iron are: 
53Fe2+ and 56Fe2+ 
Which statement in correct? 
A- -The ions of both...
1. Describe the trend in ionisation energy down group 2. - Ans .There is an extra electron shell 
compared to the one above, extra inner shells shield the outer electrons from the attraction of 
the nucleus. The extra shells means the outer electrons are further away from the nucleus. 
2. Group 2 react with water to produce? - Ans .Hydroxides. M(OH)2 
3. Group 2 burn in oxygen to form? - Ans .Oxides MO 
4. Group 2 react with chlorine to form? - Ans .Chlorides, MCl2 
5. Explain the trend in rea...
▪ Atomic number - Ans .Number of protons in an element 
▪ Mass number - Ans .Number of protons and neutrons 
▪ Ion - Ans .Electrically charged particle formed by the loss/gain of electrons 
▪ Relative masses of P,N and E - Ans .1,1, 1/2000 (respectively) 
▪ Isotopes - Ans .Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons but same 
number of protons. 
▪ What are steps of mass spectroscopy? - Ans .Ionisation, Acceleration, Deflection, Detecting 
▪ Ionisation - Ans .A gase...
Relative atomic mass - Ans .The average mass of an atom of an element, relative to 1/12th of 
the mass of an atom of Carbon-12 
 Relative molecular mass - Ans .Average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12th of the mass 
of a carbon-12 atom 
 The Avogradro constant - Ans .the number of particles in a mole 
 ideal gas equation - Ans .pV = nRT 
 empirical formula - Ans .the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a 
compound 
 percentage atom economy - Ans .(Mass of desired produ...
Van der Waals' forces exist between all molecules. Explain how these forces arise. - Ans .- Electron 
movement in first molecule. 
- Induces a dipole in another molecule 
- δ+ attracts δ- in adjacent molecules 
1) Name the type of bond formed between N and Al in H₃NAlCl₃ and explain how this bond is formed. (2) 
2) Explain how the value of the Cl-Al-Cl bond angle in AlCl₃ changes, if at all, on formation of the 
compound H₃NAlCl₃ (2) - Ans .1) Dative - Shared pair of electrons fro...
Equipment 
• Test tubes. 
• Test tube rack. 
• Dropping pipette. 
Part A: 
• Heptane 
• Cyclohexane 
• Cyclohexene 
• Limonene 
Part B: 
• 1-chlorobutane 
• 1-bromobutane 
• 1-iodobutane 
• Ethanol 
• Aqueous silver nitrate 
Method - Part 1: Identification of an alkene 
For this experiment unknown organic substances must be identified from the following: 
• Heptane 
• Cyclohexane 
• Cyclohexene 
• Limonene 
Using the following: 
• Bromine water 
1. For each of t...
Describe what happens when a reaction mixture is refluxed and why it is necessary, in this case, for 
complete oxidation to ethanoic acid. - Ans .A mixture of liquids is heated to boiling point for a 
prolonged time; Vapour is formed which escapes from the liquid mixture, is changed back into liquid and 
returned to the liquid mixture; 
Any ethanal and ethanol that initially evaporates can then be oxidised; 
Write a half-equation for the overall oxidation of ethanol into ethanoic acid. - Ans...
1. Iodide ions are oxidised to iodine by hydrogen peroxide in acidic conditions. H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) 
+ 2I-(aq) → I2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 
The rate equation for this reaction can be written as rate = k [H2O2]a [I-]b [H+]c 
In an experiment to determine the order with respect to H+(aq), a reaction mixture is made containing 
H+(aq) with a concentration of 0.500 mol dm-3 
A large excess of both H2O2 and I- is used in this reaction mixture so that the rate equation can be 
simplified to 
rate = k1 [H+...
Give an equation for the combustion of heptane (C7H16) in an excess of oxygen - Ans .C7H16 + 11O2 
--> 7CO2 + 8H2O 
Heptane can be obtained from the catalytic cracking of hexadecane (C16H34) at a high temperature. 
Identify a suitable catalyst for this process.Give one condition other than high temperature.Give an 
equation for the catalytic cracking of one molecule of hexadecane to produce one molecule of heptane, 
one molecule of cyclohexane and one other product. - Ans .Zeolite OR alumi...