- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

All amino acids contain a central carbon, a side chain (R group), an amino group and a __________ group. - Carboxyl Amino acids can undergo a proton transfer, thus giving both a (+) and (-) charge. This molecular state is called the ________. - Zwitterion Amino acid that are unable to be synthesised from biochemical pathways within a cell have to be consumed through dietary intake. These are called _______ amino acids. - Essential When two amino acids join together, they are joined by an a...

In the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (the first reaction in gluconeogenesis), CO 2 is - activated by ATP enegy What is the metabolic logic that explains why liver cells contain the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase but muscle cells do not? - The reason G-6-P is highly available in the liver is because that is where gluconeogenesis (which produces G-6-P) and glycogenolysis take place. glugoneogenesis needs the enzyme glucose-6-phosphotate, which is not found in muscle tissue. McArd...

High plasma glucose levels (i.e., in diabetes mellitus) = high intracellular sorbitol levels. What intracellular enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol? aldose reductase Sorbitol can _________________________________________ cause osmotic injury to cells because it leads to greater intracellular retention of water relative to glucose, thereby causing cellular swelling how to cataracts or neuropathy develop in diabetes due to osmotic injury to cells nephropathy, retinopathy, and athero...

organic molecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, Protein building block - amino acids Carbohydrates - Broken down to glucose to provide energy. Carbohydrates building blocks - simple sugars / gluclose fats/lipids building blocks - Fatty acids Protein food/product - Meats/fish Carbohydrates food/product - Breads, veggie , fruit Fats food/product - oils, butter , wax Substrate - Anything an enzyme works on chemical reaction - Any time something breaks down or put together Synthesis -...

Are molecules with the same molecular formula, which only differ in spatial arrangements - Structural isomers stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other - enantiomers stereoisomers that are not mirror images - diastereomers Are stereoisomers that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom - Epimer Chiral - carbon with 4 different groups attached Aldose groups will have - The c double bond O group on the outside Ketose groups will have the c double bond O group - In t...

protein - made up of chains of amino acids amino acids - many joined together to form a protein enzyme - a protein which speeds up a chemical reaction in cells carbohydrates - compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen carbohydrates - sugar and starch are examples of this group monosacharide - monomer of carbohydrates starch - a large carbohydrate made by plants molecule also known as a polysaccharide cell wall - a structure made of the carbohydrate cellulose glycogen - polysaccharide...

enzymes - important biological catalysts Key features: lower activation energy increase rate of reaction (kinetics) do not alter equilibrium constant are not changed or consumed in the reaction (appear in both reactants and products) --> far fewer enzymes are required relative to overall amount of substrate because one enzyme can act on many molecules of substrate over time are pH- and temperature sensitive, with optimal activity at specific pH ranges and temperatures do not affect o...

BIOCHEMISTRY - •chemistry of life processes BIOCHEMISTRY - •Study of life at the molecular level BIOCHEMISTRY - •Studying the chemical processes of living organisms 3 primary areas of biochemistry: - 1. Structural and functional biochemistry 2. Informational biochemistry 3. Bioenergetics 1. Structural and functional biochemistry - focuses initially on discovering the chemical structures and three-dimensional arrangements of biomolecules (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids...

cohesion - Attraction between molecules of the same substance adhesion - An attraction between molecules of different substances covalent - A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule hydrogen bond - A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. polar - Having a pair of equal and opposite c...

Cellulose - The most abundant organic compound on Earth. Water - The universal solvent. Cohesiveness, Adhesiveness, Polarity, Surface tension - Four properties of water that make it so useful to organisms. Carbon - Substance besides water that makes up most of the cell. Organic - _______ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Four - Carbon has ____ four outer electrons. Covalent - Carbon can form ____ bonds by sharing the four outer electrons. Hydrocarbons - Compounds made up by car...